AP PGECET Exam 2025 - Date (Out), Application Form, Pattern, Eligibility, Syllabus, Cutoff, Admission

Biotechnology: Unit 01

• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure; microbial nutrition, growth and control; microbial metabolism (aerobic and anaerobic respiration, photosynthesis); nitrogen fixation; chemical basis of mutations and mutagens
• Microbial genetics (plasmids, transformation, transduction, conjugation); microbial diversity and characteristic features; viruses

Biotechnology: Unit 02

• Biomolecules and their conformation; weak intermolecular interactions in macromolecules; chemical and functional nature of enzymes; kinetics of single substrate and bi-substrate enzyme catalyzed reactions; bioenergetics
• Metabolism (glycolysis, TCA, and oxidative phosphorylation); membrane transport and pumps; cell cycle and cell growth control; cell signaling and signal transduction

Biotechnology: Unit 03

• Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes; DNA replication and control; transcription and its control; translational processes; regulatory controls in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Mendelian inheritance; gene interaction; complementation; linkage
• Recombination and chromosome mapping; extra chromosomal inheritance; chromosomal variation; population genetics; transposable elements, molecular basis of genetic diseases and applications

Biotechnology: Unit 04

• Bioprocess technology for the production of cell biomass and primary/ secondary metabolites, such as Baker’s yeast, ethanol, citric acid, amino acids, exopolysaccharides, antibiotics and pigments etc; microbial production
• Purification and bioprocess application(s) of industrial enzymes; production and purification of recombinant proteins on a large scale; chromatographic and membrane based bioseparation methods
• Immobilization of enzymes and cells and their application for bioconversion processes
• Aerobic and anaerobic biological processes for stabilization of solid/ liquid wastes; bioremediation

Biotechnology: Unit 05

• Kinetics of microbial growth, substrate utilization and product formation; simple structured models; sterilization of air and media; batch, fed-batch and continuous processes; aeration and agitation; mass transfer and bioreactors
• Rheology of fermentation fluids; scale-up concepts; design of fermentation media; various types of microbial and enzyme reactors; instrumentation and bioreactors

Biotechnology: Unit 06

• Special features and organization of plant cells; totipotency; regeneration of plants; plant products of industrial importance; biochemistry of major metabolic pathways and products; autotrophic and heterotrophic growth
• Plant growth regulators and elicitors; cell suspension culture development: Methodology, kinetics of growth and production formation, nutrient optimization; production of secondary metabolites by plant suspension cultures
• Hairy root cultures and their cultivation
• Techniques and raising transgencies

Biotechnology: Unit 07

• Metabolism, regulation, and nutritional requirements for mass cultivation of animal cell cultures; kinetics of cell growth and product formation and effect of shear force; product and substrate transport; micro and macro-carrier culture
• Hybridoma technology; livestock improvement; cloning and animals; genetic engineering and animal cell culture; animal cell preservation

Biotechnology: Unit 08

• The origin of immunology; inherent immunity; humoral and cell mediated immunity; primary and secondary lymphoid organ; antigen; B and T cells and macrophages; major histocompatibility complex (MHC); antigen processing and presentation
• Synthesis of antibody and secretion; molecular basis of antibody diversity; polyclonal and monoclonal antibody; complement; antigen-antibody reaction; regulation of immune response; immune tolerance; hyper sensitivity; autoimmunity
• Graft versus host reaction

Biotechnology: Unit 09

• Restriction and modification enzymes; vectors: Plasmid, bacteriophage and other viral vectors, cosmids, Ti plasmid, yeast artificial chromosome; cDNA and genomic DNA library; gene isolation; gene cloning; expression of cloned gene
• Transposons and gene targeting; DNA labeling; DNA sequencing; polymerase chain reactions; DNA fingerprinting; southern and northern blotting; in-situ hybridization; RAPD; RFLP; site directed mutagenesis; gene transfer technologies; gene therapy

Biotechnology: Unit 10

• Major bioinformatics resources (NCBI, EBI, ExPASy); sequence and structure databases; sequence analysis (bimolecular sequence file formats, scoring matrices, sequence alignment, phylogeny)
• Genomics and proteomics (large scale genome sequencing strategies; comparative genomics; understanding DNA microarrays and protein arrays); molecular modeling and simulations (basic concepts including concept of force fields)

Chemical engineering: Unit 01

• Laws of conservation of mass and energy; use of tie components; recycle, bypass and purge calculations; degree of freedom analysis
• First and second laws of thermodynamics
• First law application to close and open systems
• Second law and entropy thermodynamic properties of pure substances: Equation of state and departure function, properties of mixtures: Partial molar properties, fugacity, excess properties and activity coefficients; phase equilibria
• Predicting VLE of systems; chemical reaction equilibria

Chemical engineering: Unit 02

• Fluid statics, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, Bernoulli equation, macroscopic friction factors, energy balance, dimensional analysis, shell balances, flow through pipeline systems, flow meters, pumps and compressors, packed and fluidized beds
• Elementary boundary layer theory, size reduction and size separation; free and hindered settling; centrifuge and cyclones; thickening and classification, filtration, mixing and agitation; conveying of solids

Chemical engineering: Unit 03

• Conduction, convection and radiation, heat transfer coefficients, steady and unsteady heat conduction, boiling, condensation and evaporation; types of heat exchangers and evaporators and their design

Chemical engineering: Unit 04

• Fick's law, molecular diffusion in fluids, mass transfer coefficients, two film, penetration and surface renewal theories; momentum, heat and mass transfer analogies; stage wise and continuous contacting operations and stage efficiencies
• HTU and NTU concepts design and operation of equipment for distillation, absorption, leaching, liquid-liquid extraction, drying, humidification, dehumidification and adsorption

Chemical engineering: Unit 05

• Theories of reaction rates; kinetics of homogeneous reactions, interpretation of kinetic data, single and multiple reactions in ideal reactors, non-ideal reactors; residence time distribution, single parameter model; non-isothermal reactors
• Kinetics of heterogeneous catalytic reactions; diffusion effects in catalysis

Chemical engineering: Unit 06

• Measurement of process variables; sensors, transducers and their dynamics, transfer functions and dynamic responses of simple systems, process reaction curve, controller modes (P, PI, and PID); control valves
• Analysis of closed loop systems including stability, frequency response and controller tuning, cascade, feed forward control

Chemical engineering: Unit 07

• Process design and sizing of chemical engineering equipment such as compressors, heat exchangers, multistage contactors; principles of process economics and cost estimation including total annualized cost, cost indexes, rate of return, payback period
• Discounted cash flow, optimization in design

Chemical engineering: Unit 08

• Inorganic chemical industries; sulfuric acid, NaOH, fertilizers (ammonia, urea, SSP, and TSP); natural products industries (pulp and paper, sugar, oil, and fats); petroleum refining and petrochemicals
• Polymerization industries; polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC and polyester synthetic fibers

Structural engineering: Unit 01

• Bending moment and shear force in statically determinate beams
• Simple stress and strain relationship: Stress and strain in two dimensions, principal stresses, stress transformation, Mohr's circle
• Simple bending theory, flexural and shear stresses, unsymmetrical bending, shear centre
• Thin walled pressure vessels, uniform torsion, buckling of column, combined and direct bending stresses

Structural engineering: Unit 02

• Analysis of statically determinate trusses, arches, beams, cables and frames, displacements in statically determinate structures and analysis of statically indeterminate structures by force/ energy methods
• Analysis by displacement methods (slope deflection and moment distribution methods), influence lines for determinate and indeterminate structures
• Basic concepts of matrix methods of structural analysis

Structural engineering: Unit 03

• Concrete technology-properties of concrete, basics of mix design
• Concrete design, working stress and limit state design concepts, analysis of ultimate load capacity and design of members subjected to flexure, shear, compression and torsion by limit state methods
• Basic elements of prestressed concrete, analysis of beam sections at transfer and service loads

Structural engineering: Unit 04

• Analysis and design of tension and compression members, beams, beam-columns, column bases
• Connections-simple and eccentric, beam-column connections, plate girders, and trusses
• Plastic analysis of beams and frames

Geotechnical engineering: Unit 01

• Origin of soils, soil classification, three-phase system, fundamental definitions, relationship and interrelationships, permeability and seepage, effective stress principle, consolidation, compaction, shear strength

Geotechnical engineering: Unit 02

• Subsurface investigations-scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, penetration tests, plate load test
• Earth pressure theories, effect of water table, layered soils
• Stability of slopes-infinite slopes, finite slopes
• Foundation types-foundation design requirements
• Shallow foundations-bearing capacity, effect of shape, water table and other factors, stress distribution, settlement analysis in sands and clays
• Deep foundations, pile types, dynamic and static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands and clays, negative skin friction

Water resources and environmental engineering: Unit 01

• Properties of fluids, principle of conservation of mass, momentum, energy and corresponding equations, potential flow, applications of momentum and Bernoulli’s equation, laminar and turbulent flow, flow in pipes, pipe networks
• Concept of boundary layer and its growth
• Uniform flow, critical flow and gradually varied flow in channels, specific energy concept, hydraulic jump
• Forces on immersed bodies, flow measurements in channels, tanks and pipes
• Dimensional analysis and hydraulic modeling
• Kinematics of flow, velocity triangles, and specific speed of pumps and turbines

Water resources and environmental engineering: Unit 02

• Hydrologic cycle, rainfall, evaporation, infiltration, stage discharge relationships, unit hydrographs, flood estimation, reservoir capacity, reservoir and channel routing
• Well hydraulics

Water resources and environmental engineering: Unit 03

• Duty, delta, estimation of evapotranspiration
• Crop water requirements
• Design of lined and unlined canals, waterways, head works, gravity dams, and spillways
• Design of weirs on permeable foundation
• Types of irrigation system, irrigation methods
• Water logging and drainage, sodic soils

Environmental engineering: Unit 01

• Drinking water quality standards, water demand/ requirements, unit operations and unit processes for surface water treatment, sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, disinfection, special treatment methods, distribution of water
• Sewage and sewerage, sewer appurtenances, quantity of characteristics of domestic wastewater, primary and secondary, and tertiary treatment of domestic wastewater, effluent discharge standards, sludge treatment, and disposal

Environmental engineering: Unit 02

• Types of pollutants, their sources and impacts, air pollution meteorology, air pollution control methods and units, air quality standards, and limits

Environmental engineering: Unit 03

• Characteristics, generation, collection and transportation of solid wastes, engineered systems for solid waste management (reuse/ recycle, energy recovery, treatment, and disposal)

Environmental engineering: Unit 04

• Impacts of noise, permissible limits, measurement of noise, and control of noise pollution

Transportation engineering: Unit 01

• Geometric design of highways, testing and specifications of paving materials, design of flexible and rigid pavements

Transportation engineering: Unit 02

• Traffic characteristics, theory of traffic flow, intersection design, traffic signs and signal design, highway capacity

Transportation engineering: Unit 03

• Importance of surveying, principles, and classifications, mapping concepts, coordinate system, map projections, measurements of distance and directions, leveling, theodolite traversing, plane table surveying, errors, and adjustments, curves

Computer science and information technology: Unit 01

• Permutations; combinations; counting; summation; generating functions; recurrence relations; asymptotic

Computer science and information technology: Unit 02

• Connectivity; spanning trees; cut vertices and edges; covering; matching; independent sets; coloring; planarity; isomorphism

Computer science and information technology: Unit 03

• Propositional logic; first order logic

Computer science and information technology: Unit 04

• Logic functions, minimization, design and synthesis of combinational and sequential circuits; number representation and computer arithmetic (fixed and floating point)

Computer science and information technology: Unit 05

• Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU and datapath, CPU control design, memory interface, I/O interface (interrupt and DMA mode), instruction pipelining, cache and main memory, secondary storage

Computer science and information technology: Unit 06

• Programming in C; functions, recursion, parameter passing, scope, binding; abstract data types, arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, binary search trees, binary heaps

Computer science and information technology: Unit 07

• Analysis, asymptotic notation, notions of space and time complexity, worst and average case analysis; design: Greedy approach, dynamic programming, divide-and conquer; tree and graph traversals, connected components, spanning trees, shortest paths
• Design: Hashing, sorting, searching
• Asymptotic analysis (best, worst, average cases) of time and space, upper and lower bounds, basic concepts of complexity classes P, NP, NP-hard, NP-complete

Computer science and information technology: Unit 08

• Regular languages and finite automata, context free languages and pushdown automata, recursively enumerable sets and turing machines, undecidability

Computer science and information technology: Unit 09

• Lexical analysis, parsing, syntax directed translation, runtime environments, intermediate and target code generation, basics of code optimization

Computer science and information technology: Unit 10

• Processes, threads, inter-process communication, concurrency, synchronization, deadlock, CPU scheduling, memory management and virtual memory, file systems, I/O systems, protection and security

Computer science and information technology: Unit 11

• ER-model, relational model (relational algebra, tuple calculus), database design (integrity constraints, normal forms), query languages (SQL), file structures (sequential files, indexing, B and B+ trees), transactions and concurrency control

Computer science and information technology: Unit 12

• Information gathering, requirement and feasibility analysis, data flow diagrams, process specifications, input/ output design, process life cycle, planning and managing the project, design, coding, testing, implementation, maintenance

Computer science and information technology: Unit 13

• ISO/OSI stack, LAN technologies (ethernet, token ring), flow and error control techniques, routing algorithms, congestion control, TCP/UDP and sockets, IP(v4), application layer protocols (ICMP, DNS, SMTP, POP, FTP, http)
• Basic concepts of hubs, switches, gateways, and routers
• Network security basic concepts of public key and private key cryptography, digital signature, firewalls

Computer science and information technology: Unit 14

• HTML, XML, basic concepts of client-server computing

Electrical engineering: Unit 01

• Network graph, KCL, KVL, node and mesh analysis, transient response of DC and AC networks; sinusoidal steady-state analysis, resonance, basic filter concepts; ideal current and voltage sources, Thevenin's
• Norton's and superposition and maximum power transfer theorems, two-port networks, three phase circuits; Gauss theorem, electric field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions; Ampere's and Biot-Savart's laws; inductance
• Dielectrics; capacitance

Electrical engineering: Unit 02

• Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals; shifting and scaling operations; linear, time-invariant and causal systems; Fourier series representation of continuous periodic signals; sampling theorem; Fourier, Laplace, and Z transforms

Electrical engineering: Unit 03

• Single phase transformer-equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests, regulation and efficiency; three phase transformers-connections, parallel operation; auto-transformer; energy conversion principles; DC machines-types, windings, generator characteristics
• DC machines-armature reaction and commutation, starting and speed control of motors; three phase induction motors-principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and speed control; single phase induction motors; synchronous machines-performance
• Synchronous machines-regulation and parallel operation of generators, motor starting, characteristics, and applications; servo and stepper motors

Electrical engineering: Unit 04

• Basic power generation concepts; transmission line models and performance; cable performance, insulators; corona and radio interference; distribution systems; per-unit quantities; bus impedance and admittance matrices; load flow
• Voltage control; power factor correction; symmetrical components; fault analysis; principles of over-current, differential and distance protection; solid state relays and digital protection; circuit breakers; system stability concepts
• Swing curves and equal area criterion; HVDC transmission and FACTS concepts

Electrical engineering: Unit 05

• Principles of feedback, transfer function, block diagrams; steady-state errors; Routh and Nyquist techniques; Bode plots; root loci; lag, lead and lead-lag compensation; state space model; state transition matrix, controllability, and observability

Electrical engineering: Unit 06

• Bridges and potentiometers; PMMC, moving iron, dynamometer and induction type instruments; measurement of voltage, current, power, energy, and power factor; instrument transformers; digital voltmeters and multimeters; phase, time and frequency measurement
• Q-meters; oscilloscopes; error analysis

Electrical engineering: Unit 07

• Characteristics of diodes, BJT, FET; amplifiers-biasing, equivalent circuit and frequency response; oscillators and feedback amplifiers; operational amplifiers-characteristics and applications; simple active filters; VCOs and timers
• Combinational and sequential logic circuits; multiplexer; schmitt trigger; multi-vibrators; sample and hold circuits; A/D and D/A converters; 8-bit microprocessor basics (8085 ), architecture, programming, and interfacing

Electrical engineering: Unit 08

• Semiconductor power diodes, transistors, thyristors, triacs, GTOs, MOSFETs, and IGBTs-static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering circuits; phase control rectifiers; bridge converters-fully controlled and half controlled
• Principles of choppers and inverters; basic concepts of adjustable speed DC and AC drives

Electrical engineering: Unit 09

• Speed-time curves, specific energy consumption, mechanism of train movement

Electronics and communication engineering: Unit 01

• Network graphs: Matrices associated with graphs; incidence, fundamental cut set and fundamental circuit matrices
• Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis
• Network theorems: Superposition, Thevenin, and Norton's maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation
• Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors
• Linear constant coefficient differential equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, solution of network equations using Laplace transform: Frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits
• 2-port network parameters: Driving point and transfer functions
• State equations for networks

Electronics and communication engineering: Unit 02

• Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic, and extrinsic silicon
• Carrier transport in silicon: Diffusion current, drift current, mobility, and resistivity
• Generation and recombination of carriers
• P-N Junction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, PIN and avalanche photodiode, basics of lasers
• Device technology: Integrated circuits fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation, photolithography, n-tub, p-tub, and twin-tub CMOS process

Electronics and communication engineering: Unit 03

• Small signal equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs, and analog CMOS
• Simple diode circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier
• Biasing and bias stability of BJT and FET amplifiers
• Amplifiers: Single-and multi-stage, differential and operational, feedback, and power
• Frequency response of an amplifiers
• Simple op-amp circuits
• Filters
• Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations
• Function generators and wave-shaping circuits, 555 timers
• Power supplies

Electronics and communication engineering: Unit 04

• Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS)
• Combinatorial circuits: Arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers, decoders, PROMs, and PLAs
• Sequential circuits: Latches and flip-flops, counters, and shift-registers
• Sample and hold circuits, ADCs, DACs
• Semiconductor memories
• Microprocessor (8085): Architecture, programming, memory and I/O interfacing

Electronics and communication engineering: Unit 05

• Definitions and properties of Laplace transform
• Continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier transform, DFT and FFT, Z-transform
• Sampling theorem
• Linear time-invariant (LTI) systems: Definitions and properties; causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel and cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay
• Signal transmission through LTI systems

Electronics and communication engineering: Unit 06

• Basic control system components; block diagrammatic description, reduction of block diagrams
• Open loop and closed loop (feedback) systems and stability analysis of these systems
• Signal flow graphs and their use in determining transfer functions of systems; transient and steady state analysis of LTI control systems and frequency response
• Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis: Root loci, Routh-Hurwitz criterion, Bode, and Nyquist plots
• Control system compensators: Elements of lead and lag compensation, elements of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control
• State variable representation and solution of state equation of LTI control systems

Electronics and communication engineering: Unit 07

• Deterministic and random signals, types of noise, autocorrelation, power spectral density
• Analog communication systems: Amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations, superheterodyne receivers; elements of hardware, realizations of analog communication systems
• Analog communication systems: Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) for low noise conditions
• Fundamentals of information theory and channel capacity theorem
• Digital communication systems: Pulse code modulation (PCM), differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), digital modulation schemes: Amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), matched filter receivers
• Digital communication systems: Digital modulation schemes-bandwidth consideration and probability of error calculations for these schemes
• Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA and GSM

Electronics and communication engineering: Unit 08

• Elements of vector calculus: Divergence and curl; Gauss' and Stokes' theorems, Maxwell's equations: Differential and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting vector
• Plane waves: Propagation through various media; reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity; skin depth
• Transmission lines: Characteristic impedance; impedance transformation; Smith chart; impedance matching; S parameters, pulse excitation
• Waveguides: Modes in rectangular waveguides; boundary conditions; cut-off frequencies; dispersion relations. Basics of propagation in dielectric waveguide and optical fibers
• Basics of Antennas: Dipole antennas; radiation pattern; antenna gain

Food microbiology and biotechnology: Unit 01

• Characteristics of microorganisms-morphology, structure and detection of bacteria, yeast and mold in food, spores and vegetative cells; microbial growth in food-intrinsic and extrinsic factors, growth and death kinetics
• Characteristics of microorganisms-serial dilution method for quantification; food spoilage-contributing factors, spoilage bacteria, microbial spoilage of milk and milk products, meat and meat products; food borne disease-toxins produced by staphylococcus
• Foodborne disease-clostridium and aspergillus; bacterial pathogens-salmonella, bacillus, listeria, escherichia coli, shigella, campylobacter

Food microbiology and biotechnology: Unit 02

• Fermented foods-buttermilk, yoghurt, cheese, sausage, alcoholic beverage, vinegar, wine, beer, whisky, sauerkraut, soya sauce

Food technology: Unit 01

• Composition, nutritive value, processing methods and products of: (i) Rice, wheat, and maize, barley, oats, and minor millets; (ii) bengal gram, red gram, green gram, black gram, chickpeas, (iii) ground nut, soya bean, sunflower, and other oil seeds

Food technology: Unit 02

• Extraction, clarification, concentration and packaging of fruit juice, production of jam, jelly, marmalade, squash, candies, and pickles, pectin from fruit waste, tea, coffee, chocolate and essential oils from spices

Food technology: Unit 03

• Post mortem changes of meat, freezing, aging, pickling, smoking and tenderization of meat, drying and canning of fish
• Structure, composition, nutritive value and functional properties of eggs and its preservation by different methods

Food technology: Unit 04

• Milk processing flow sheet, filtration/ clarification, storage of milk, standardization-simple problems in standardization, homogenization, pasteurization-types of pasteurization process
• Manufacture of cream, butter, ghee, milk powder, cheese

Food engineering: Unit 01

• Nature of fluids, flow properties of fluids, flow through pipes and fittings, flow measurement, transportation of fluids-pumps, compressors, and blowers; heat transfer: Heat transfer by conduction, convection, radiation, boiling and condensation
• Heat transfer: Steady and unsteady state heat transfer; other unit operations; size reduction, homogenization, filtration, sedimentation, centrifugation, sieving, mixing, extraction, crystallizations, evaporation, drying and extrusion
• Heat transfer: Types of equipment used in each unit operation, their selection, applications in food industry

Food quality and standards: Unit 01

• Food quality and quality attributes-classification of quality attributes and their role in food quality
• Quality assessment of food materials-fruits and vegetables, cereals and pulses, dairy products, meat, poultry, egg and processed food products sensory evaluation of food quality and its methods food adulteration and food safety

Food quality and standards: Unit 02

• FSSAI/ PFA act 1954 and rules 1955-scope; definitions and standards of quality, FPO and MPO-rules, FSMS-22000: 2005-various elements included in the standard, introduction to the family of ISO 22000 standards
• Comparison of ISO 9001:2008 vs. ISO 22000:2005, HACCP-terminology, principles, identification of CCP's, application of HACCP system and the logic sequence involved

Geoengineering: Unit 01

• Earth composition
• Earth-orbit, oceans-depth, bottom, relief

Rocks: Unit 01

• Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rocks origin and classification, minerals-silicate minerals and non silicate minerals and physical properties of minerals

Surveying methods: Unit 01

• Theodolite applications, topographic sheets, aerial photo formats maps: Types of photographs-vertical and oblique photographs
• Aerial cameras: Lens, optical axis, focal length, focal plane and fiducial marks; principal point; geometry of vertical photographs map projections, fundamentals of cartography

Physical principles of remote sensing, electromagnetic spectrum: Unit 01

• Velocity of EM radiation, propagation of EM waves, fundamentals of radiometry: Measure geometry-concept of the solid angle, radiometric quantities, classification of remote sensor, selection of sensor parameters, spatial resolution, spectral resolution
• Radiometric resolution, temporal resolution optical and infrared microwave sensors sun-synchronous and geosynchronous satellites-land coverage, repetitivity, along track and across track stereo vision capability
• IRS, LANDSAT, SPOT, CANADA, JAPAN, EUROPEAN, satellite series

GIS concepts: Unit 01

• Hardware, software, data files and databases-data types database structures, hierarchical, network, relational vector data structure-vector data model, arcs, storing area, database creation, digitizer, topology, Euler equation, topological consistency
• Relational vector data structure-topological errors, digital elevation models, data transformation-change in dimensionality, change in position-rubber sheeting, tin sheeting-vector to raster, raster to vector conversion vector data-polygon overlay
• Polygon statistics, network analysis-non-spatial data analysis, structured query language

GIS concepts: Unit 02

• Definition, spatial modeling, external model, conceptual model, logical model, internal model-GIS applications in resource management data capture using GPS for GIS FM studies, object oriented database models

GIS concepts: Unit 03

• Study of rainfall, estimation of runoff and evapotranspiration, water table environment-meaning, scope, components environments, soils-texture, strengths, porosity, and permeability

Instrumentation engineering: Unit 01

• Kirchoff's laws, mesh, and nodal analysis
• Circuit theorems
• One-port and two-port network functions
• Static and dynamic characteristics of Measurement Systems
• Error and uncertainty analysis
• Statistical analysis of data and curve fitting

Instrumentation engineering: Unit 02

• Resistive, capacitive, inductive and piezoelectric transducers and their signal conditioning
• Measurement of displacement, velocity and acceleration (translational and rotational), force, torque, vibration and shock
• Measurement of pressure, flow, temperature and liquid level
• Measurement of Ph, conductivity, viscosity and humidity

Instrumentation engineering: Unit 03

• Characteristics of diode, BJT, JFET, and MOSFET
• Diode circuits
• Transistors at low and high frequencies, amplifiers, single and multi-stage
• Feedback amplifiers
• Operational amplifiers, characteristics, and circuit configurations
• Instrumentation amplifier
• Precision rectifier
• V-to-i and i-to-v converter
• Op-amp based active filters
• Oscillators and signal generators

Instrumentation engineering: Unit 04

• Combinational logic circuits, minimization of boolean functions
• IC families, TTL, MOS, and CMOS
• Arithmetic circuits
• Comparators, Schmitt trigger, timers, and mono-stable multi-vibrator
• Sequential circuits, flip-flops, counters, shift registers
• Multiplexer, S/H circuit
• Analog to-digital and digital to-analog converters
• Basics of number system
• Microprocessor applications, memory, and input-output interfacing
• Microcontrollers

Instrumentation engineering: Unit 05

• Periodic and aperiodic signals
• Impulse response, transfer function and frequency response of first-and second order systems
• Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform, convolution, correlation, and characteristics of linear time invariant systems
• Discrete time system, impulse, and frequency response
• Pulse transfer function
• IIR and FIR filters
• Amplitude and frequency modulation and demodulation
• Sampling theorem, pulse code modulation
• Frequency and time division multiplexing
• Amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and pulse shift keying for digital modulation

Instrumentation engineering: Unit 06

• Bridges and potentiometers, measurement of R, L, and C
• Measurements of voltage, current, power, power factor, and energy
• AC and DC current probes
• Extension of instrument ranges
• Q-meter and waveform analyzer
• Digital voltmeter and multimeter
• Time, phase, and frequency measurements
• Cathode ray oscilloscope
• Serial and parallel communication
• Shielding and grounding

Instrumentation engineering: Unit 07

• Feedback principles
• Signal flow graphs
• Transient response, steady state-errors
• Routh and Nyquist criteria
• Bode plot, root loci
• Time delay systems
• Phase and gain margin
• State space representation of systems
• Mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic system components
• Synchro pair, servo, and step motors
• On-off, cascade, P, PI, PID, feed forward and derivative controller, fuzzy controllers

Instrumentation engineering: Unit 08

• Mass spectrometry, UV, visible, and IR spectrometry
• X-ray and nuclear radiation measurements
• Optical sources and detectors, LED, laser, photodiode, photoresistor, and their characteristics
• Interferometers, applications in metrology
• Basics of fiber optics
• Biomedical instruments, EEG, ECG, and EMG
• Clinical measurements
• Ultrasonic transducers and Ultrasonography
• Principles of Computer Assisted Tomography

Applied mechanics and design: Unit 01

• Free body diagrams and equilibrium; trusses and frames; virtual work; kinematics and dynamics of particles and rigid bodies in plane motion, including impulse and momentum (linear and angular) and energy formulations; impact

Applied mechanics and design: Unit 02

• Stress and strain, stress-strain relationship and elastic constants, Mohr's circle for plane stress and plane strain, thin cylinders; shear force and bending moment diagrams; bending and shear stresses; deflection of beams; torsion of circular shafts
• Euler's theory of columns; strain energy methods; thermal stresses

Applied mechanics and design: Unit 03

• Displacement, velocity and acceleration analysis of plane mechanisms; dynamic analysis of slider-crank mechanism; gear and gear trains; flywheels

Applied mechanics and design: Unit 04

• Free and forced vibration of single degree of freedom systems; effect of damping; vibration isolation; resonance, critical speeds of shafts

Applied mechanics and design: Unit 05

• Design for static and dynamic loading; failure theories; fatigue strength the S-N diagram; principles of the design of machine elements such as bolted, riveted and welded joints, shafts, spur gears, rolling and sliding contact bearings

Applied mechanics and design: Unit 06

• Brakes and clutches

Fluid mechanics and thermal sciences: Unit 01

• Fluid properties; fluid statics, manometry, buoyancy; control-volume analysis of mass, momentum and energy; fluid acceleration; differential equations of continuity and momentum; Bernoulli's equation; viscous flow of incompressible fluids; boundary layer
• Elementary turbulent flow; flow through pipes, head losses in pipes, bends, etc

Fluid mechanics and thermal sciences: Unit 02

• Modes of heat transfer; one dimensional heat conduction, resistance concept, electrical analogy, unsteady heat conduction, dimensionless parameters in free and forced convective heat transfer
• Various correlations for heat transfer in flow over flat plates and through pipes; thermal boundary layer; effect of turbulence; radiative heat transfer, black and grey surfaces, shape factors, network analysis; heat exchanger performance
• LMTD and NTU methods

Fluid mechanics and thermal sciences: Unit 03

• Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic systems and processes; properties of pure substances, behavior of ideal and real gases; zeroth and first laws of thermodynamics, calculation of work and heat in various processes; second law of thermodynamics
• Thermodynamics: Zeroth, first, and second laws of thermodynamics; thermodynamic system and processes; Carnot cycle
• Irreversibility and availability; behaviour of ideal and real gases, properties of pure substances, calculation of work and heat in ideal processes; analysis of thermodynamic cycles related to energy conversion

Fluid mechanics and thermal sciences: Unit 04

• Power engineering: Steam tables, Rankine, Brayton cycles with regeneration and reheat
• I.C. Engines: Air-standard Otto, diesel cycles
• Refrigeration and air-conditioning: Vapour refrigeration cycle, heat pumps, gas refrigeration, reverse Brayton cycle; moist air: Psychrometric chart, basic psychrometric processes
• Turbomachinery: Pelton wheel, Francis and Kaplan turbines-impulse and reaction principles, velocity diagrams

Materials, manufacturing, and industrial engineering: Unit 01

• Structure and properties of engineering materials, heat treatment, stress-strain diagrams for engineering materials

Materials, manufacturing, and industrial engineering: Unit 02

• Design of patterns, moulds and cores; solidification and cooling; riser and gating design, design considerations

Materials, manufacturing, and industrial engineering: Unit 03

• Plastic deformation and yield criteria; fundamentals of hot and cold working processes; load estimation for bulk (forging, rolling, extrusion, drawing) and sheet (shearing, deep drawing, bending) metal forming processes; principles of powder metallurgy

Materials, manufacturing, and industrial engineering: Unit 04

• Physics of welding, brazing, and soldering; adhesive bonding; design considerations in welding

Materials, manufacturing, and industrial engineering: Unit 05

• Mechanics of machining, single and multi-point cutting tools, tool geometry and materials, tool life and wear; economics of machining; principles of nontraditional machining processes; principles of work holding, principles of design of jigs and fixtures

Materials, manufacturing, and industrial engineering: Unit 06

• Limits, fits, and tolerances; linear and angular measurements; comparators; gauge design; interferometry; form and finish measurement; alignment and testing methods; tolerance analysis in manufacturing and assembly

Materials, manufacturing, and industrial engineering: Unit 07

• Basic concepts of CAD/ CAM and their integration tools

Materials, manufacturing, and industrial engineering: Unit 08

• Forecasting models, aggregate production planning, scheduling, materials requirement planning

Materials, manufacturing, and industrial engineering: Unit 09

• Deterministic and probabilistic models; safety stock inventory control systems

Materials, manufacturing, and industrial engineering: Unit 10

• Linear programming, simplex method, transportation, assignment, network flow models, simple queuing models, PERT, and CPM

Metallurgical engineering: Unit 01

• Laws of thermodynamics, activity, equilibrium constant, applications to metallurgical systems, solutions, phase equilibria, Ellingham and phase stability diagrams, thermodynamics of surfaces, interfaces and defects, adsorption, and segregation
• Basic kinetic laws, order of reactions, rate constants and rate limiting steps; principles of electro chemistry-single electrode potential, electrochemical cells and polarizations, aqueous corrosion and protection of metals
• Oxidation and high temperature corrosion-characterization and control; heat transfer-conduction, convection and heat transfer coefficient relations, radiation, mass transfer-diffusion and Fick's laws, mass transfer coefficients
• Momentum transfer-concepts of viscosity, shell balances, Bernoulli's equation, friction factors

Metallurgical engineering: Unit 02

• Minerals of economic importance, comminution techniques, size classification, flotation, gravity, and other methods of mineral processing; agglomeration, pyro-hydro and electro-metallurgical processes; material and energy balances
• Principles and processes for the extraction of non-ferrous metals-aluminium, copper, zinc, lead, magnesium, nickel, titanium, and other rare metals; iron and steel making-principles, role structure and properties of slags, metallurgical coke
• Iron and steel making-blast furnace, direct reduction processes, primary and secondary steel making, ladle metallurgy operations including deoxidation, desulphurization, sulphide shape control, inert gas rinsing and vacuum reactors
• Secondary refining processes including AOD, VAD, VOD, VAR and ESR; ingot and continuous casting; stainless steel making, furnaces and refractories

Metallurgical engineering: Unit 03

• Crystal structure and bonding characteristics of metals, alloys, ceramics and polymers, structure of surfaces and interfaces, nano-crystalline and amorphous structures; solid solutions; solidification; phase transformation and binary phase diagrams
• Principles of heat treatment of steels, cast iron and aluminum alloys; surface treatments; recovery, recrystallization and grain growth; industrially importance ferrous and non-ferrous alloys; elements of X-ray and electron diffraction
• Principles of scanning and transmission electron microscopy; industrial ceramics, polymers and composites; electronic basis of thermal, optical, electrical and magnetic properties of materials; electronic and optoelectronic materials

Metallurgical engineering: Unit 04

• Elasticity, yield criteria, and plasticity; defects in crystals; elements of dislocation theory-types of dislocations, slip and twinning, source and multiplication of dislocations, stress fields around dislocations, partial dislocations
• Elements of dislocation theory-dislocation interactions and reactions; strengthening mechanisms; tensile, fatigue and creep behaviour; super-plasticity; fracture-Griffith theory, basic concepts of linear elastic and elasto-plastic fracture mechanics
• Fracture-ductile to brittle transition, fracture toughness; failure analysis; mechanical testing-tension, compression, torsion, hardness, impact, creep, fatigue, fracture toughness, and formability

Metallurgical engineering: Unit 05

• Metal casting-patterns and moulds including mould design involving feeding, gating and risering, melting, casting practices in sand casting, permanent mould casting, investment casting and shell moulding, casting defects and repair
• Hot, warm, and cold working of metals, metal forming-fundamentals of metal forming processes of rolling, forging, extrusion, wire drawing and sheet metal forming, defects in forming; metal joining-soldering, brazing and welding
• Common welding processes of shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding and submerged arc welding; welding metallurgy, problems associated with welding of steels and aluminium alloys, defects in welded joints
• Powder metallurgy-productions of powder, compaction and sintering process; NDT using dye-penetrant, ultrasonic, radiography, eddy current, acoustic emission, and magnetic particle methods

Nanotechnology: Unit 01

• Concurrent forces in a plane and its equilibrium; centroids of composite plane figures; general case of forces in a plane, moment of inertia of plane figures, parallel axis theorem, polar MI, concept mass MI, rectilinear translation, kinematics
• Principal of dynamics motion of a particle under constant force, force proportional to displacement and free vibrations (S.H.M.); D'Alembert's principle, momentum, impulse work and energy
• Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis kinematics, equation of motion of a rigid body about a fixed axis, rotation under constant moment, torsional vibration, simple stresses and strains, stresses on inclined plane, 2-dimensional stress systems
• Principal stress and principal planes, Mohr’s circle
• Shearing force and bending moment, types of loads, types of supports, SF and BM diagrams for formula, bending stresses in the above types of beams with rectangular and circulars sections
• Torsion of circular shafts
• Determination of shear stress

Nanotechnology: Unit 02

• Classification of flows-steady, unsteady, uniform, non-uniform, laminar, turbulent, rotational, irrotational flows, vorticity, and circulation-conservation of mass-equation of continuity, conservation of momentum-Euler’s equation
• Conservation of energy-Bernoulli’s equation and its applications
• One-dimensional viscous flow
• Couette flow-plane couette flow
• Two dimensional viscous flow; navier stokes equations and solutions
• Laminar Boundary Layer
• Momentum integral equation-flow over a flat plate-displacement thickness, momentum thickness and energy thickness
• Turbulent boundary layer, laminar-turbulent transition-momentum equations and Reynolds stresses
• Dimensional Analysis and Modeling Similitude
• Fundamental and derived dimensions-dimensionless groups, Buckingham theorem, Rayleigh method, elements of heat transfer, steady state conduction, convection and radiation
• Furnaces
• Classification of furnaces and their use in metallurgical industries
• Heat utilization in furnaces, available heat, factors affecting it
• Heat losses in furnaces and furnace efficiency
• Heat balance and sankey diagrams
• Principles of waste heat recovery
• Recuperators and regenerators
• Types and applicability
• AMTD and LMTD in recuperators
• Protective atmosphere and their applications salt bath furnaces

Nanotechnology: Unit 03

• Introduction, classification of materials, space lattice and unit cells, crystal systems
• Indices for planes and directions
• Structures of common metallic materials
• Crystal defects: Point, linen, and surface defects
• Dislocations, types, Burgers’ vector, dislocation movement by climb and cross slip
• Dislocation sources, dislocation point-defect interaction and pileups
• Plastic deformation of single crystals
• Deformation by slip, CRSS for slip
• Deformation of single crystal
• Deformation by twinning
• Stacking faults, hot working, cold working
• Recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth
• Hall-Petch equation
• Tensile stress-strain diagrams, proof stress, yield stress, modulus of elasticity
• Typical stress-strain diagrams for mild steel cast iron and aluminum alloy

Nanotechnology: Unit 04

• Introduction-basic concepts in thermodynamics
• Objectives and limitations of classical thermodynamics
• Zeroth law of thermodynamics
• First law of thermodynamics-forms of energy, heat and work, Joules experiments, conservation of energy, concept of maximum work, isothermal expansion, reversible, adiabatic expansion, constant pressure processes, constant volume processes, enthalpy
• Second law of thermodynamics-efficiency of cyclic process
• Carnot cycle
• Entropy
• Thermodynamic equation of state
• Statistical Entropy
• Physical meaning of entropy, Boltzmann equation, mixing entropy, Stirling’s approximation auxiliary functions
• Fundamental equations of state, Maxwell relationships, other thermodynamic relations, chemical potential, Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, criteria of equilibria
• Third law of thermodynamics, heat capacity and entropy changes
• Sensible heats, transformation heats, reaction heats, adiabatic flame temperatures, heat balances
• Phase equilibria in one component systems, Clausius-clapeyron equation, heats of vaporization, shift in transformation, temperature with pressure, fugacity, activity, and equilibrium constant
• Van't Hoff’s isotherm
• Ellingham diagrams and application

Nanotechnology: Unit 05

• Electrical and electronic properties of materials, electronic conductivity, free electron theory and band theory of solids
• Intrinsic semiconductors
• Super conductivity
• Magnetic properties, Dia, para, ferro, ferri magnetism
• Soft and hard magnetic materials and applications
• Optical properties of materials
• Refractive index, absorption emission of light, optical fibers
• Opto-electronic materials
• Polymerization, cross linking glass transition, classification of polymers
• Mechanical properties, dielectric behaviour of materials
• Uses of polymers
• Ceramics and glasses, crystalline, and non-crystalline ceramics
• Structure of ceramics and glasses
• Major mechanical and optical properties
• Composite materials
• Classification
• Matrices and reinforcements
• Fabrication methods
• Examples and applications
• Nano materials: Importance, emergence of nanotechnology, bottom-up and top-down approaches, challenges in nanotechnology. Applications

Pharmaceutical chemistry: Unit 01

• Stereochemistry of drug molecules
• Structure, nomenclature, classification, synthesis, SAR and metabolism of the following category of drugs, which are official in Indian pharmacopoeia and British pharmacopoeia
• Hypnotics and sedatives, neuroleptics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, local anaesthetics; cardiovascular drugs antianginal agents vasodilators, adrenergic and cholinergic drugs, cardiotonic agents, diuretics, antihypertensive drugs
• Antilipemic agents; antihistamines; analgesics; NSAIDS; hypoglycemic agents; anticoagulants; antiplatelet agents
• Chemotherapeutic agents-antibiotics, antibacterials, antifungal, antiviral, antimalarial, anticancer, and antiamoebic drugs

Inorganic pharmaceuticals: Unit 01

• Electrolytes; haematinics; topical agents; dental products. Limit tests for arsenic, iron, lead, chloride, and sulphate

Pharmaceutics: Unit 01

• Matter and properties of matter; micromeritics and powder rheology; surface and interfacial phenomenon; viscosity and rheology; dispersion systems; complexation; kinetics and drug stability

Pharmaceutics: Unit 02

• Preformulation studies; pharmaceutical calculations; formulation, development, packaging and evaluation of: Liquid dosage forms, semisolid dosage forms, tablets, capsules, micro-encapsulation, aerosols, parenteral products, Ophthalmic preparations
• Suppositories, blood products and plasma substitutes and surgical products; cosmetic preparations: Skin, hair, nails, lips, eye, baby care products, and dentifrices

Pharmaceutics: Unit 03

• Passage of drugs across biological barrier; factors influencing absorption-biological, physico-chemical, physiological, and pharmaceutical; basic principles of pharmacokinetics
• Compartment modeling-one compartment model with reference to intravascular and oral drug administration; concept of clearance; non-linear pharmacokinetics with reference to one compartment model after I V drug administration
• Bioavailability and bioequivalence

Pharmaceutics: Unit 04

• General pharmacological principles including toxicology; pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system, cardiovascular system (including diuretics), autonomic nervous system, gastrointestinal system and respiratory system
• Pharmacology of autacoids: Histamine, antihistaminic drugs
• 5-HT-its agonists and antagonists, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes
• Steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• Pharmacology of endocrine system: Thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs, insulin, oral hypoglycemics, estrogens, progesterone and oral contraceptives, androgens and anabolic steroids; chemotherapeutic agents; bioassays, immunopharmacology
• Drugs acting on the blood and blood forming organs

Pharmaceutics: Unit 05

• Therapeutic drug monitoring, dosage regimen in renal and hepatic impairment
• Drug-drug interactions and drug-food interactions, adverse drug reactions
• Medication history and review, and patient counseling

Pharmaceutics: Unit 06

• Concepts of qualitative and quantitative analysis, fundamentals of volumetric analysis, methods of expressing concentration, primary, and secondary standards, acid-base, oxidation-reduction, precipitation, non-aqueous and complexometric titrations
• Gravimetric analysis; concept of error, precision, accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, detection limit, linearity, and range
• Ruggedness; calibration of analytical equipment
• Principles, instrumental analysis and applications of the following: Absorption spectroscopy (UV, visible, and IR), fluorimetry, flame photometry, refractometry, polarimetry, potentiometry, conductometry, and polarography
• Principles, instrumental analysis and applications of the following: Chromatographic methods (paper, TLC, column, GC and HPLC); pharmacopoeial assays
• Quality assurance and quality control methods, concept of GMP,GLP, and GCP

Pharmaceutics: Unit 07

• Pharmacy act 1948; drugs and cosmetics act 1940 and rules 1945 and amendments thereto; narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances act 1985 and rules; drugs price control order