CEETA PG Syllabus 2026 for All Subjects - Download Free PDF

Engineering Mathematics

• Determinants and Matrices: Solving system of equations, Rank of the Matrix, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Reduction of quadratic form to canonical form.

• Calculus and Differential Equations: Partial derivatives, Jacobians, Taylor’s expansion, Maxima and Minima. Linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients, Simultaneous first order linear equations with constant coefficients. Formation of partial differential equation (PDE), Solution of first order PDE, Solution of linear higher order PDE with constant coefficients.

• Vector Calculus: Double and triple integrations and their applications, Gradient, Divergence, Curl and Laplacian, Green’s, Gauss divergence and Stroke’s theorem.

• Functions of Complex Variables and Complex Integration: Analytic functions, Conformal Mapping, Bilinear transformation, Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor and Laurent Series, Singularities, Residues, Residue theorem and its applications.

• Transforms: Laplace Transform, Inverse transforms, Application to solution of linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients. Fourier integral theorem, Fourier transform pair, Sine and Cosine transform. Transform, Inverse Z–transform, Solution of difference equations using Z– transform.

• Numerical Methods: Solution of linear system by direct and iterative methods, Interpolation and approximation, Numerical Differentiation and Integration, Solving Ordinary Differential Equations.

• Applied Probability: Probability and Random variables, Standard Discrete and Continuous distribution, Moments, Moment generating function and their properties. Two-Dimensional Random Variables, Covariance, Correlation and Regression.

Basic Engineering Sciences

PHYSICS: Law of Mechanics, Lame’s theorem, Forces, Moments and Couples, Displacement, velocity and Acceleration, Friction, Moment of Inertia. Laws of thermodynamics, Open and closed systems, Equation of state, Heat and Work. Sound, Latices, Ultrasonic flaw detector, X-ray radiography, Interference Fringes, Planck’s quantum theory, Laser and Fibre Optics. Fluid Statics and Dynamics, Boundary Layer Ohm’s law, Kirchhoff’s law, A.C. circuits

MATERIAL SCIENCE: Fracture, Magnetic and Dielectric materials, Conductor and Semiconductor materials, Ceramic and Superconductor materials. COMPUTERS: Computer organization, Architecture, Arrays, User defined function.

CHEMISTRY: Adsorption, Chromatography, Chemical kinetics, Electrochemistry, Spectroscopy, Fuels and Combustion.

CEETA PG Application Form

CEETA PG Exam Pattern 2026

CEETA PG Cutoff 2026

Applied Probability And Operations Research

Random Processes, Probability Distributions, Queuing Models and Simulation, Testing of Hypothesis, Design of Experiments.

Discrete Mathematical Structures

Formal Language and Automata - Graph Theory.

Compiler Design

Optimization, Code Generation, Implementation, Principles of Programming Languages, Programming Paradigms.

Operating Systems And System Software

Process Management, Storage Management, I/O Systems, Design and Implementation of LINUX OS, assemblers, Loaders, Linkers, Macro Processors.

Distributed Systems

Communication and Distributed Environment, Distributed Operating Systems, Distributed Shared Memory, Protocols, Fault Tolerance and Distributed File Systems, Distributed Object Based Systems.

Programming And Data Structures

Problem Solving Techniques, Trees, Hashing and Priority

Queues, Sorting, Graph, Heap Search.

Algorithm Analysis And Design Techniques

Dynamic Programming, Greedy Algorithms, Advanced Algorithms, NP Completeness and Approximation Algorithms.

Microprocessors And Microcontrollers - Computer Architecture And Organization

Digital Fundamentals, Combinational Circuits, Synchronous and Asynchronous Sequential Circuits, Instruction Set Architecture(RISC, CISC, ALU Design), Instruction Level Parallelism, Processing Unit and Pipelining, Memory Organization.

Digital Signal Processing

FFT, Filter Design.

Computer Networks

Data Communication Systems, Applications

Database Management Systems

Relational Model, Database Design, Implementation

Techniques, Distributed Databases, Object Oriented Databases, Object Relational Databases, Data

Mining and Data Warehousing.

Software Engineering Methodologies

Software Product and Processes - Software Requirements Management - Requirement Engineering, Elicitation, Analysis, Requirements Development and Validation, Requirements Testing - Object Oriented Analysis And Design, Modular Design, Architectural Design, User Interface Design, Real Time Software Design, System Design, Data acquisition System - Software Testing And Quality Assurance - SQA Fundamentals, Quality Standards, Quality Metrics, Software Testing Principles, Defects, Test Case Design Strategies, Software Quality and reusability, Software Project Management, Software Cost Estimation, Function Point Models, Software Configuration Management, Software Maintenance.

Artificial Intelligence

Intelligent Agents, Search Strategies, Knowledge Representation, Learning, Applications.

Mobile Computing

Wireless Communication Fundamentals, Telecommunication Systems, Wireless Networks.

Security In Computing

Program Security, Security in Operating Systems, Database and Network Security, Scientific Computing, Information Coding Techniques, Cryptography, Network Security.

Circuit Analysis

DC Circuit analysis, Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalent circuits, Sinusoidal steady state analysis, Transient and resonance in RLC circuits.

Electronic Devices

Diodes, Bipolar Junction Transistors, FET, MOSFET, UJT, Thyristor.

Electronic Circuits

Small signal amplifiers using BJT and FET devices, Large signal amplifiers, Power supplies, Feed back amplifiers, Oscillators, Pulse shaping circuits.

Digital Electronics

Logic gates, Combinational circuits, Sequential circuits.

Linear Integrated Circuits

Operational amplifiers and its applications, PLL, Voltage regulators, A/D and D/A converters. M

Measurements and Instrumentation

Transducers, Digital Instruments, Display and Recording systems.

Microprocessor and its applications

Microprocessors-8085 and 8086 architectures and interfaces, Micro-controller and applications.

Electromagnetic Fields

Static Electric and Magnetic fields, Time varying Electric and Magnetic fields, Maxwell equations.

Transmission Lines and Networks

Transmission line equations, impedance matching, Filters.

EM waves and waveguides

Guided waves, Rectangular and cylindrical waveguides.

Antennas and Propagation

Aperture antennas, arrays, Propagation of radio waves. M

Microwave Engineering

Microwave tubes, semiconductor devices, Passive components, Microwave measurements.

Communication Theory and Systems

AM, FM and PM, Sampling and Quantization, PCM, DM, ADM, Multiplexing. D

Digital Communication

Baseband signalling, Bandpass signalling, Error control coding, Spread spectrum techniques. C

Computer Communication Networks

Definition of layers, data link protocols, Network interconnection. Message routing technologies, End-End protocols.

Optical Communication

Optical Fibers, optical transmitters and receivers.

Signals and Systems

Continuous-time signals and systems-Fourier Transform, Laplace transform, Discrete-time signals and systems-DTFT, DFT, Z-Transform

Digital Signal Processing

IIR and FIR filters, Realization and implementation, Quantization effects.

Control Systems

Transfer function, Time and frequency response analysis, Stability analysis, state variable analysis

Mechanics

Stress-Strain Relationships, Principal stresses and Principal strain in two dimensions and three dimensions. Composite Bars, Composite Beams, Elastic Constants. Beams and Bending, Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams, Flexural and shear Stresses. Slope and Deflection of Beams. Thin and Thick Cylinders. Torsion. Theories of Failure, Unsymmetrical Bending, Curved Beams, Theories of Columns. Combined Direct and Bending Stresses.

Structural Engineering:

Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy, Energy Principles, Deflection of pin jointed plane frames, rigid frames. Classical Method of Analysis of indeterminate structures (Slope deflection and Moment Distribution), Matrix Method. Arches and Suspension Bridges, Influence Line for Determinate and Indeterminate Structures. Plastic Analysis of Structures.

Building Materials:

Cement, Concrete, properties of ingredients, Mix Design, Quality Control, Special Concrete, Concreting Methods, Brick, Brick Masonry, Stone, Timber, Steel.

Concrete Structures:

Design Methods, Limit State Design for beams, slabs, columns and footings, retaining walls, water Tanks. Prestressed Concrete, Principles, Methods, Losses, Deflection, Design.

Steel Structures:

Steel Sections, Connections, Design of Tension and Compression Members, Beams, Column Bases, Plate Girders and Trusses.

Soil Mechanics:

Nature of soil, phase relationships, soil classification; Soil water, static pressure, effective stress principle; permeability, seepage; Stress distribution in soil, Consolidation (Terzaghi’s one dimension consolidation theory); Compaction shear strength of soil, Mohr-Coulomb theory, determination of shear strength by different methods; Slope stability analysis, protection measures.

Foundation Engineering:

Site investigation, scope and objectives, drilling techniques, depth and spacing of boreholes, sampling techniques, penetration tests (SPT and SCPT), plate load test, selection of foundation; Foundation types, shallow foundation, bearing capacity (Terzaghi’s Theory and BIS formula), allowable bearing pressure, bearing capacity from field tests, settlement of foundation, allowable settlement, Codal provisions; Design of foundations, Isolated, combined and raft foundation; Pile foundations, static and dynamic pile driving formulae (Engineering News and Hiley method), Pile groups, capacity and settlement, Codal provisions, pile load test, negative friction on piles; Earth pressure theories, Earth pressure on retaining walls, stability analysis of retaining wall.

Transportation Engineering:

Highway Planning: Road Classification, Geometric Design of Highways, Construction of Earth, WBM, Bituminous and concrete roads, Design of flexible and rigid pavements. Drainage of roads, Maintenance of roads. Railways, Airways, Docks and Harbour Planning: Railway alignment components of permanent way, geometric design Airport planning, components of airport, site selection, planning for terminal building, runways. Harbour planning, components of harbour, inland water transport. Traffic Engineering: Traffic characteristics, Traffic surveys, Traffic Signals, Road markings and signs.

Water Resources Engineering:

Fluid Mechanics and hydraulics: Properties of fluids. Fluid statics and relative equilibrium. Basic concepts of fluid flow, kinematics and dynamics. Concept of system and control volume application to continuity, momentum and energy equations. Dimensional analysis and model studies. Laminar and turbulent flow through pipes. Boundary layers. Steady uniform and gradually varied flow in open channels. Rapidly varied flows. Turbines and pumps and positive displacement pumps

Hydrology and Ground Water

Hydrometeorology. Hydrologic cycle. Precipitation and its measurements. Abstractions. Runoff estimation. Hydrograph analysis. Unit Hydrograph. Hydrologic extremes floods and droughts. Rainwater harvesting. Properties of aquifer. Groundwater development. GEC norms. Well hydraulics. Steady and unsteady flows. Ground water quality. Irrigation Engineering: Irrigation system. National water policy. Components of irrigation network. Design of lined and unlined channels. Waterways, head works, gravity dams and spillways. Design of weirs on permeable foundation. Soil water relations. Crop water requirements. Irrigation scheduling and methods. Duty, delta and base period. Irrigation water quality. Irrigation water management. Participatory approach.

Environmental Engineering

Water and waste water Engineering; Water requirements; water demand; quality standards; Development of water supply source, conveyance system; basic unit processes and operations for water treatment; water distribution; sewage characteristics; sewage treatment, primary and secondary treatment of sewage, sludge disposal, sewage disposal. Air Pollution and Control: Types of Pollutants, their sources and impacts, air pollution meteorology, air pollution control, air quality standards and limits.

Noise pollution and Control

Impacts of noise, permissible limits of noise pollution, measurement of noise and control of noise pollution.

Surveying

Chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying, levelling, theodolite surveying, Temporary and permanent adjustments for level and theodolite, trigonometric levelling, tacheometry, traversing, contouring, Computation of areas and volumes. Curve Setting, simple, compound and reverse curves, transition curves, vertical curves, Electromagnetic distance measurement, Total station, construction surveying, hydrographic surveying, route survey, triangulation, astronomical survey.

Electrical Circuits and Fields

KCL, KVL, Nodal & Mesh analysis, transient response of D.C and A.C networks; sinusoidal steady-state analysis; resonance in electrical circuits; concepts of ideal voltage and current sources, network theorems, driving point admittance and transfer functions of two port network, three phase circuits; Fourier series and its application; Gauss theorem, electric field intensity and potential due to point, line plane and spherical charge distribution, dielectric, capacitance calculations for simple configurations; Ampere’s and Biot-Savart’ law, inductance calculations for simple configurations.

Electrical Machines

Single phase transformer, equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests, regulation and efficiency; three phase transformer,connections; auto transformer; principles of energy conversion, windings of rotating machines; D.C generators and motors-characteristics, starting and speed control, armature reaction and communication: three phase induction motors-performance characteristics, starting and speed control; single-phase induction motors; synchronous generators, performance, regulation; synchronous motors, starting characteristics, applications, synchronous condensers; fractional horsepower motors: permanent magnet and stepper motors.

Power Systems

Electric power generation, thermal, hydro, nuclear; transmission line parameters; steady,state performance of overhead transmission lines and cables and surge propagation; distribution system, insulators , bundle conductors, corona and radio interferences effects; per-unit quantities; bus admittance and impedance matrices; load flow; voltage control and power factor correction; economic operation; symmetrical components, analysis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults; principle of over current, differential and distance protections; concepts and solid state relays and digital protection; circuit breakers; principles of system stability,swing curves and equal area criterion; HVDC system, Principle of operation, control and design consideration, HVDC circuit breaking; FACTS - Reactive power control, Uncompensated transmission line, Series compensation, SVC, thyristor control, series capacitor, static synchronous compensator, UPFC and applications.

Control Systems

Principles of feedback; transfer function; block diagram; steady - state errors; stability-Routh and Nyquist criteria; Bode plots; compensation; root loci; elementarystate variable formulation; state transition matrix and response for Linear time Invariant systems.

Power Electronics and Drives

Semiconductor power devices-diodes, transistors, thyristors, triacs, GTO, MOSFETs and IGBTs-static characteristic and principles of operation; triggering circuits; phase control rectifiers; bridge converters-fully controlled and half controlled; principles of choppers and inverters, basic concepts of adjustable speed dc and ac drives.

Microprocessor and Microcontrollers

Microprocessor: General 8 bit microprocessor Architecture 8085, 8086 processor, Architecture, Memory, I/O interfacing, Instruction set, Addressing modes, Timing diagram & delays, Machine cycles, Interrupts, counters, Assembly language programming. Microcontrollers: 8 bit microcontroller -8051 architecture, bus configuration, Instruction sets, programming & applications.

Digital Signal Processing

Analog signals - sampling & Aliasing- Discrete time signals & systems, LTI systems, Convolution sum-Difference equation representation-Z Transform & its Inverse, Discrete Fourier series & Fourier transform- Radix 2 FFT, Decimation in me and frequency, Inverse DFT using FFT, Analog Butterworth & Chebyshev filter design,IIR & FIR filter design and Realization.

High Voltage Engineering

Causes of overvoltages and its effects on power system, Lightning, switching surges and temporary overvoltages, concepts of reflections and refraction of travelling waves. Dielectric breakdown- Gaseous breakdown, Vacuum breakdown, Corona discharges, Generation of high voltage, High current and its measurements, DC, AC, impulse voltages and currents; High Resistance with series ammeter, Dividers, Resistance, Capacitance and Mixed dividers, Peak Voltmeter , CVT, Electrostatic Voltmeters, Sphere Gaps, High current shunts; High voltage testing of electrical power apparatus as per International and Indian standards, Insulation Coordination.

Electric energy, Conservation and utilization

Fundamentals of Electric drives, choice and applications; traction motors, characteristic features, electric braking train movement and energy consumption; Design of illumination systems and various lighting schemes; Electric heating, methods of electric heating and its types, Electric welding - Principles of the conversion of solar radiation into heat; Solar Collectors-flat-plate collectors, concentrating collector, cylindrical parabolic; Wind energy conversion system, basic principles, site selection, basic components, Classification of WECS, Types of wind machines.

Mechanics, Kinetics and Dynamics

Statics of Particles, Equilibrium of Rigid bodies, Properties of Surfaces and Solids, Dynamics of Particles, Friction and Elements of Rigid Body Dynamics, Basics of Mechanisms, Gears and Gear Trains, Friction in Machine Elements, Force Analysis, Balancing, Single Degree Free Vibration, Forced Vibration, Mechanisms for Control and Vibration.

Strength of Materials and Design

Stress, Strain and Deformation of Solids, Transverse Loading on Beams and Stresses in Beams, Torsion, Deflection of Beams, Energy Principles, Thin Cylinders and Thick Cylinders, Spherical Shells, Fundamentals of Design for Strength and Stiffness of Machine Members, Design of Shafts and Couplings, Design of Fasteners and Welded Joints, Design of Springs, Design of Engine parts, Design of Bearings, Design of Flywheels, Design of Transmission Systems for Flexible Elements, Spur Gears and Parallel Axis Helical Gears, Bevel Gears, Worm Gears and Crossed Helical Gears, Design of Gear Boxes, Design of CAM, Clutches and Brakes.

CAD / CAM / CIM / FEA

Fundamentals of Computer Graphics, Geometric Modeling, Visual Realism, Assembly of Parts, CAD Standards, Fundamentals of CIM, Production Planning and Control and Computerized Process Planning, Cellular Manufacturing, Flexible Manufacturing System and Automated Guided Vehicle System, Industrial Robotics, One Dimensional Problems in FEA, Two Dimensional Scalar Variable Problems, Two dimensional vector variable Problems, Isometric Parametric Formulation.

Materials Science and Metallurgy

Constitution of alloys and phase diagrams, steels, cast iron, TTT diagram, heat treatment of ferrous and non-ferrous metal, surface modification techniques, non-metallic materials, mechanical properties and testing, crystal defects and strengthening mechanisms, conducting and semi conducting materials, magnetic and dielectric materials, Engineering ceramics, Engineering and commodity polymers.

Production Technology

Foundry Technology, Hot and Cold working, metal forming processes, metal joining processes, welding metallurgy, welding defects, Metal cutting, center lathe and special purpose lathe, drilling, milling, grinding, gear cutting, broaching unconventional machining processes, CNC machine tools, Part programming.

Metrology and Measurements

Linear and angular measurements, Interferometry-laser interferometers, Types, Computer Aided Inspection, Basic concept of CMM- Types of CMM, Machine vision, Form measurement-StraightnessFlatness, Roundness, Surface finish measurement, Measurement of power, flow and temperature.

Thermodynamics

Basic concepts, Zeroth, First and Second laws of thermodynamics; thermodynamic system and processes; Carnot cycle. irreversibility and availability; behaviour of ideal and real gases, thermodynamic relations, properties of pure substances, calculation of work and heat in ideal processes; analysis of thermodynamic cycles related to energy conversion, Fuel and combustion

Heat and Mass Transfer

Modes of heat transfer; one dimensional heat conduction, resistance concept, electrical analogy, unsteady heat conduction, fins; dimensionless parameters in free and forced convective heat transfer, various correlations for heat transfer in flow over flat plates and through pipes; thermal boundary layer; effect of turbulence; radiative heat transfer, black and grey surfaces, shape factors, network analysis; heat exchanger performance, LMTD and NTU methods. Basic Concepts of Mass transfer, Diffusion Mass Transfer, Fick’s Law of Diffusion, Steady state Molecular diffusion, Convective Mass Transfer, Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy, Convective Mass Transfer Correlations

Applications: Power Engineering

Steam Tables, Rankine, Brayton cycles with regeneration and reheat. I.C. Engines: air-standard Otto, Diesel cycles. Refrigeration and air-conditioning: Vapour refrigeration cycle, heat pumps, gas refrigeration, Reverse Brayton cycle; moist air: psychrometric chart, basic psychrometric processes. Turbomachinery: Pelton-wheel, Francis and Kaplan turbines, impulse and reaction principles, velocity diagrams

Fluid Mechanics

Fluid properties; fluid statics, manometry, buoyancy; control-volume analysis of mass, momentum and energy; fluid acceleration; differential equations of continuity and momentum; Bernoulli’s equation; viscous flow of incompressible fluids; boundary layer; elementary turbulent flow; flow through pipes, head losses in pipes, bends etc.

Automobile Engineering

Mechanics, Strength of Materials and Deign, Thermodynamics, Production Technology, Automotive Chassis, Automotive Transmission, Vehicle Body Engineering, Automotive Electrical and Electronics, Pollution and Control, Alternate Fuels

Aeronautical And Aerospace Engineering

Fluid Flow Equations – Incompressible Viscous and Inviscid flows – Dimensional analysis – Fluid Machinery – Basic concepts in thermodynamics – Basics of propulsion and heat transfer – Air standard cycles – Properties of pure substance – Stresses in beams – Deflection of beams – Torsion – springs and columns – Biaxial stress system – Statically determinate and indeterminate structures – Energy methods – Failure theories- Induced stresses Basic aspects of boundary layer theory – Flow through compressors, combustion chambers, gas turbines and nozzles of gas turbine engines – Unsymmetrical bending – Shear flow in open and closed sections – Buckling of plates and stress analysis – Fundamentals of computational fluid dynamics – Grid generation – Time dependent methods and finite volume methods-finite element 9 methods – discrete. Continuum and isoparametric elements – Field problem and method of solutions – composite materials. Basics of flight mechanics – Aircraft configurations – Airplane structures – Airplane power plants – Airplane control systems – Aircraft instruments – Aircraft engine, air conditioning and pressurization system – Airfoil theory – Subsonic wing theory – Steady level flight, gliding and climbing flight and accelerated flight of airplanes – Fundamentals of hypersonic air breathing and rocket propulsion systems – Stability and control of airplanes – Fundamentals of supersonic flows – High speed flows over airfoils, wings and airplanes – Experimental techniques for high speed flows.

Agricultural And Irrigation Engineering

Machine Design, Farm Machinery, Sources of Power, Farm Power, Tractors and Power Tillers, Fluid Mechanics, Soil Mechanics, Hydrology, Surveying and Leveling, Erosion Control, Soil-Water–Plant Relationship, Irrigation Engineering, Agricultural Drainage, Groundwater Hydrology, Wells and Pumps, Drying, Size Reduction and Conveying, Storage Systems, Preservation of Food, Systems Analysis, IT in Agricultural Systems, Management of Water Resources

Biotechnology

Bioprocess Engineering, Cell and Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Genetic Engineering, Immunology,

Bioinformatics.

. Bio Medical Engineering

Physiology, Biochemistry, Circuit analysis, Electron devices and circuits, Linear Integrated Circuits, Microprocessor and Applications, Signals and Systems, Digital signal processing, Control systems, Communication theory, Bio Medical Instrumentation, Bio Medical Equipment, Bio Mechanics, Medical Imaging System.

Chemical Engineering

Fluids Mechanics and Particle Technology, Chemical Technology and Process Calculations, Thermodynamics and Kinetics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Process control and Computer Applications in Chemical Engineering, Organic and Surface Chemistry, Environmental Pollution and Control.

Food Technology

Food Chemistry & Nutrition, Food Microbiology, Food Analysis, Safety & Quality Management, Food Product Processing & Preservation Technology, Fluid mechanics & Process Calculations , Food Engineering, Process Control & Food Packaging.

Geo Informatics Engineering

Surveying, Remote Sensing, Digital Image Processing, Photogrammetry, Cartography, Geographical information system, RS and GIS Applications.

Instrumentation, Electronics & Control Engineering

Electrical Circuit, Signals and Systems, Analog Electronics, Digital Electronics, Measurements, Sensors and Industrial Instrumentation, Analytical Instrumentation, Communication and Optical Instrumentation, Control System and Computer Control of Processes.

Leather Technology

Pre Tanning Operations, Tanning Operations, Post Tanning and Finishing Operations, Leathers & Leather Products.

Material Science And Ceramic Technology

Metals and Alloys, Mechanical Properties, Ceramic Raw materials, Conventional ceramics, Special Ceramics.

Pharmaceutical Technology

Biochemistry And Microbiology, Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Technology, Instrumental Method Of Analysis, Medicinal Chemistry.

Printing Technology

Prepress, Press, Post Press, Printing and Packaging Materials, Print Management.

Production And Industrial Engineering

Basic Mechanisms and Elements of Design, Casting, metal forming and metal joining processes, Tool Engineering, Machine tool operation, Metrology and Inspection, Engineering Materials, Product and Process Design, Design of Jigs and Fixtures and Press Tools, CAD/CAM and CIM, Operations Research, Operations Management, Quality, Reliability and Maintenance.

Textile Technology

Fibre Science and Technology, Yarn Engineering, Fabric Engineering, Chemical Processing, Quality Evaluation.