Purification and Characterization of Organic Compounds | Purification - Crystallisation, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography-principles and their applications. Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens. Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur and phosphorus. Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae, numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis, |
Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry | Tetravalency of carbon, shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p): classification of organic compounds based on functional groups and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur, homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC) Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic, free radicals, carbocations and carbanions, stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation. Common types of organic reactions- Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement. |
Hydrocarbons | Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions. Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane), mechanism of halogenationofalkanes. Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism, mechanism of electrophilic addition, addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markowni koffs and peroxide effect), Ozonolysis and polymerization. Alkynes - Acidic character, addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides, polymerization. Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity, mechanism of electrophilic substitution, halogenation, nitration. Friedel-Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono- substituted benzene.
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Organic Compounds Containing Halogens | General methods of preparation, properties and reactions, nature of C-X bond, mechanisms of substitution reactions. Uses, environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons and DDT
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Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen | General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses. ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration. Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions, halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer - Tiemann reaction. Ethers: Structure. Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group, nucleophilic addition to >C=Ogroup, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones, important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions(addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent, oxidation, reduction (Wolf Kushner andClemmensen), the acidity of α -hydrogen. Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction, chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic Acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it.
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Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen | General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses. Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character. Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
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Biomolecules | General introduction and importance of biomolecules. Carbohydrates - Classification: aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose). PROTEINS - Elementary idea of α -amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes. Vitamins - Classification and functions. Nucleic Acids - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids.
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Principles Related to Practical Chemistry | Detection of extra elements (N, S, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds. • Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds: Mohr's salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform. •Chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises -Acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO, Mohr's salt vs KMnO, •Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations - Pb2+, Cu!+, Af,+, Fe1+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, nh;. Anions- CO,", S2~, SO4", NO", NO~2, Cf, Br", I". (Insoluble salts excluded). •Chemical principles involved in the following experiments: 1. Enthalpy of solution of CuS04 2. Enthalpy of neutralisation of strong acid and strong base. 3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols. 4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature. |
