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111 Questions around this concept.
Which statement is most precise about logic?
Which of the following is NOT a type of sentence ?
Which of the following is NOT assertive statement ?
Which of the following is not a simple statement?
Which of the following sub statements can form a compound statements ?
Which of the following statements does not have a conjugative ?
Which one is NOT an example of an AND conjunction?
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Negation of the statement:
Which of the following compound statements are true?
Consider the following statements:
P : Ramu is intelligent.
Q : Ramu is rich.
R : Ramu is not honest.
The negation of the statement "Ramu is intelligent and honest if and only if Ramu is not rich" can be expressed as :
Logical Connectives
The words which combine or change simple statements to form new statements or compound statements are called Connectives. The basic connectives (logical) conjunction corresponds to the English word ‘and’, disjunction corresponds to the word ‘or’, and negation corresponds to the word ‘not’.
Name of Connective |
Connective Word |
Symbol |
Conjunction |
And |
⋀ |
Disjunction |
Or |
⋁ |
Negation |
Not |
〜 |
Conditional |
‘if-then' or 'implication' |
➝ or ⇒ |
Biconditional |
‘If and only if' or 'double implication' |
↔️ or ⇔ |
Negation of a Statement
The denial of a statement is called the negation of the statement. The negation of a statement is generally formed by introducing the word “not” at some proper place in the statement or by prefixing the statement with “It is not the case that” or “It is false that”.
The negation of a statement p in symbolic form is written as " p" and read as "not p".
p : New Delhi is the capital of India.
The negation of this statement is
Or, p p : It is not the case that New Delhi is the capital of India.
Or, p p : It is false that New Delhi is the capital of India.
Conjunction
If two simple statements p and q are connected by the word 'and', then the resulting compound statement "p and
For example,
The statement can be broken into two component statements as
q : Delhi is in India.
The compound statement with 'And' is true if all its component statements are true.
The component statement with 'And' is false if any of its component statements are false.
Note:
A statement with "And" is not always a compound statement.
For example,
p : A mixture of alcohol and water can be separated by chemical methods
Here the word "And" refers to two things - alcohol and water.
Disjunction
If two simple statements p and q are connected by the word 'or', then the resulting compound statement "p or q " is called a disjunction of p and q and is written in symbolic form as "p
For example,
p : Delhi is in India or
The statement can be broken into two component statements as
q : Delhi is in India.
The compound statement with 'or' is true if any of its component statements are true.
The component statement with 'or' is false if all of its component statements are false.
Types of OR statements
1. Inclusive OR: If p and q can simultaneously be true, then we say that 'p or q' has an inclusive OR.
Eg, 'Bangalore is in Karnataka or India'
Here both component statements 'Bangalore is in Karnataka' and ' 'Bangalore is in India' can be true simultaneously. Hence this compound statement has an inclusive OR.
2. Exclusive OR: If p and q cannot be true simultaneously, then we say that 'p or q' has an exclusive OR.
Eg, 'Bangalore is in Karnataka or Maharashtra'
Here both component statements 'Bangalore is in Karnataka' and ' 'Bangalore is in Maharashtra' cannot be true simultaneously. Hence this compound statement has an exclusive OR.
Conditional Statement
If
Then the sentence "if p then q" says that in the event if
The conditional statement
1. p implies
2.
3. p only if
4.
5.
The statement
The Biconditional Statement
If two statements
Eg, 'Two line segments are congruent if and only if they are of equal length'
It is a combination of two conditional statements, "if two line segments are congruent then they are of equal length" and "if two line segments are of equal length then they are congruent". Which means
A biconditional is true if and only if both the statements
Also a biconditional is true if
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