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Carnot Engine is considered one of the most asked concept.
43 Questions around this concept.
Even the Carnot engine cannot give 100% efficiency because we cannot
In a Carnot engine, the temperature of the reservoir is $527^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and that of the sink is 200 K . If the work by the engine when it transfers heat from the reservoir to sink is 12000 kJ, the quantity of heat absorbed by the engine from reservoir is_______$\times 10^6 \mathrm{~J}$.
A Carnot engine absorbs 1000 J of heat energy from a reservoir at 1270C and rejects 600 J of heat energy during each cycle. The efficiency of the engine and temperature of the sink will be :
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A Carnot engine, whose efficiency is 40%, takes in heat from a source maintained at a temperature of 500 K It is desired to have an engine of efficiency 60%. Then, the intake temperature for the same exhaust (sink) temperature must be
The Carnot engines A and B are operated in series. The first one, A recieves heat at T1 (=600K) and rejects to a reservoir at temperature T2. The second engine B recieves heat rejected by the first engine and in turn, rejects to a heat reservior at T3(=400K). Calculate the tempearture T2 ( in Kelvin) if work outputs of the two engines are equal:
An ideal gas heat engine operates in a Carnot cycle between $227^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $127^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. It absorbs $6 \times 10^4 \mathrm{~J}$ at high temperature. The amount of heat converted into work is:
Consider a cycle followed by an engine.
1 to 2 is isothermal
2 to 3 is adiabatic
3 to 1 is adiabatic
Such a process does not exist because
a) heat is completely converted to mechanical energy in such a process, which is not possible
b) mechanical energy is completely converted to heat in this process, which is not possible
c) curves representing two adiabatic processes don’t intersect
d) curves representing an adiabatic process and an isothermal process don’t intersect
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The efficiency and work ratio of a simple gas turbine cycle are
As shown in the below figure, It consists of the following parts
1.A cylinder with perfectly non-conducting walls and a perfectly conducting base containing an ideal gas as working
substance and fitted with a non-conducting frictionless piston.
2. A source of infinite thermal capacity maintained at a constant higher temperature T1
3. A sink of infinite thermal capacity maintained at a constant lower temperature T2
4. A perfectly non-conducting stand for the cylinder.
As shown in the below figure, It consists of the following 4 processes.
1. Isothermal expansion (curve AB)
The cylinder containing ideal gas as working substance allowed to expand slowly at this constant temperature T1
So Work done $=$ Heat absorbed by the system
$W_1=Q_1=\int_{V_1}^{V_2} P d V=R T_1 \log _e\left(\frac{V_2}{V_1}\right)=$ Area of ABGE
2. Adiabatic expansion (curve BC)
The cylinder is then placed on the non-conducting stand and the gas is allowed to expand adiabatically till the temperature falls from $T_1$ to $T_2$
$
W_2=\int_{V_2}^{V_3} P d V=\frac{R}{(\gamma-1)}\left[T_1-T_2\right]=\text { Area of } B C H G
$
3. Isothermal compression (curve CD)
The cylinder is placed on the sink and the gas is compressed at constant temperature $T_2$.
Work done $=$ Heat released by the system
$
W_3=Q_2=-\int_{V_3}^{V_4} P d V=-R T_2 \log _e \frac{V_4}{V_3}=R T_2 \log _e \frac{V_3}{V_4}=\text { Area of } C D F H
$
4. Adiabatic compression (curve DA)
Finally, the cylinder is again placed on a non-conducting stand and the compression is continued so that gas returns to its initial stage.
$
W_4=-\int_{V_4}^{V_1} P d V=-\frac{R}{\gamma-1}\left(T_2-T_1\right)=\frac{R}{\gamma-1}\left(T_1-T_2\right)=\text { Area of } A D F E
$
- The efficiency of the Carnot cycle ( ${ }^\eta$ )
The efficiency of the engine is defined as the ratio of work done to the heat supplied.
$
\eta=\frac{\text { work done }}{\text { Heat input }}=\frac{W}{Q_1}
$
Net work done during the complete cycle
$
\begin{aligned}
& W=W_1+W_2+\left(-W_3\right)+\left(-W_4\right) \\
& \text { As } W_2=W_4 \\
& \Rightarrow W=W_1-W_3=\text { Area of } A B C D \\
& \eta=\frac{W}{Q_1}=\frac{W_1-W_3}{W_1}=\frac{Q_1-Q_2}{Q_1}=1-\frac{W_3}{W_1}=1-\frac{Q_2}{Q_1}
\end{aligned}
$
Putting the values we get
$
\eta=1-\frac{R T_2 \log _e\left(V_3 / V_4\right)}{R T_1 \log _e\left(V_2 / V_1\right)}
$
Since points, B and C lie on the same adiabatic curve
$
\therefore T_1 V_2^{\gamma-1}=T_2 V_3^{\gamma-1} \text { or } \frac{T_1}{T_2}=\left(\frac{V_3}{V_2}\right)^{\gamma-1}
$
Also, point D and A lie on the same adiabatic curve
$
\therefore T_1 V_1^{\gamma-1}=T_2 V_4^{\gamma-1} \text { or } \frac{T_1}{T_2}=\left(\frac{V_4}{V_1}\right)^{\gamma-1}
$
From the equation (2) and (3) we get
$
\frac{V_3}{V_2}=\frac{V_4}{V_1} \text { or } \frac{V_3}{V_4}=\frac{V_2}{V_1} \Rightarrow \log _e\left(\frac{V_3}{V_4}\right)=\log _e\left(\frac{V_2}{V_1}\right)
$
Put equation (4) in equation (1) we get
The efficiency of the Carnot engine as
$
\eta=1-\frac{T_2}{T_1}
$
$
\text { So }^\eta=\frac{W}{Q_1}=1-\frac{T_2}{T_1}
$
where
$
T_1=\text { Source temperature }, T_2=\operatorname{Sink} \text { Temperature and }\left(T_1>T_2\right)
$
and $\quad T_1$ and $T_2$ are in kelvin
From the above formula, we can conclude that
1. The efficiency of a heat engine depends only on temperatures of source and sink and is independent of all other factors.
2. As a Carnot engine is the ideal engine, So no heat engine can be more efficient than Carnot engine.
3. All reversible heat engines working between same temperatures are equally efficient
4. Since $T_1>T_2$ So the efficiency of a Carnot engine is always lesser than unity.
- Carnot Theorem (The relation between Heat and Temperature in the Carnot cycle)
i.e $\frac{Q_1}{T_1}=\frac{Q_2}{T_2}$
where
$Q_1=$ Heat absorbed
$Q_2=$ Heat released
$T_2=$ Low temperature
$T_1=$ Higher Temperature
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