KLEE Exam 2025 - Phase 1 Admit Card (Out), Date, Registration, Pattern, Syllabus, Cutoff, Admission Process

Mathematics: Unit 01

• Functions, types of functions, algebra of real valued functions, surds and logarithms, mathematical induction and its applications, permutations and combinations-linear and circular permutations, combinations, Binomial theorem
• For a positive integral index, for any rational index, applications, binomial coefficients, partial fractions exponential and logarithmic series, quadratic expressions-quadratic inequations, theory of equations
• Relations between the roots and coefficients in any equation, transformation of equations, reciprocal equations, cubic equations, Cardan's solution, biquadratic equations, Ferrari and Descarte's solutions, matrices and determinants-definition
• Types of matrices, algebra of matrices, properties of determinants of 2X2 and 3X3 order matrices, simultaneous linear equations in two and three variables, rank of matrix
• Complex numbers-their properties, De Moivre's theorem, applications, expansions of trigonometric functions

Mathematics: Unit 02

• Trigonometric functions-graphs, periodicity, trigonometric ratios of compound angles, multiple and sub-multiple angles, transformations, trigonometric equations, inverse trigonometric functions, hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions
• Properties of triangles, heights, and distances (in two dimensional plane)

Mathematics: Unit 03

• Scalar Product, angle between two vectors, properties of scalar product, applications of dot products
• Vector Product, right handed and left handed systems, properties of vector product, applications of cross product
• Product of three vectors, scalar triple product, properties of scalar triple product, vector triple product, vector product of four vectors, scalar product of four vectors
• Lines-equation of a straight line passing through a given point and parallel to a given vector, passing through two given points, angle between two lines
• Skew lines-shortest distance between two lines, condition for two lines to intersect, point of intersection, collinearity of three points
• Planes-equation of a plane, passing through a given point and perpendicular to a vector, given the distance from the origin and unit normal, passing through a given point and parallel to two given vectors
• Passing through two given points and parallel to a given vector, passing through three given non-collinear points, passing through the line of intersection of two given planes, the distance between a point and a plane
• The plane which contains two given lines, angle between two given planes, angle between a line and a plane
• Sphere-equation of the sphere whose centre and radius are given, equation of a sphere when the extremities of the diameter are given

Mathematics: Unit 04

• Addition and multiplication theorems of probability-their applications, conditional probability, and Baye's theorem
• Mean and variance of a random variable-binomial and Poisson, normal distributions

Mathematics: Unit 05

• Locus-translation and rotation of axes, the straight line, the pair of straight lines, coordinate planes in three dimensions-distance between two points, section formula and their applications, direction cosines and direction ratios of a line
• Coordinate planes in three dimensions-angle between two lines, projection of a line, the plane and its general equation-equation of the plane in different forms, circles and system of circles, conics, parabola, ellipse, hyperbola-their applications
• Hyperbola-equations of tangent, normal, polar and pole to these conics, polar coordinates

Mathematics: Unit 06

• Functions, limits, continuity, differentiation-different methods, successive differentiation including Leibniz's theorem, applications of differentiation, partial differentiation including Euler's theorem on homogeneous functions
• Different methods of Integration, definite integrals and their applications to areas-reduction formulae
• Numerical integration, trapezoidal and Simpson's rules, differential equations-formation and solution of first order, first degree differential equations, second order linear homogenous equations with constant coefficients

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Electromagnetic radiation: Wave nature, wave characteristics: Wave length, frequency, wave number-units to express these quantities, relationship between them, atomic spectrum of hydrogen-different regions of the spectrum
• Electromagnetic radiation: Wave number of the spectral lines in these regions (Rydberg's equation). Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett, and Pfund series
• Atomic models: Rutherford's model, merits and demerits, Bohr's Model: Postulates, formulation of the model, expressions for the energy and radius of the hydrogen atomic orbits with derivations, limitations
• Atomic models: Zeemen, Stark effects, Sommer fields modifications
• Quantum numbers: Significance, writing quantum numbers for differentiating electrons in atoms, Pauli's exclusion principle
• Wave nature of electron: De-Broglie wave equation, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, (Cartesian coordinates equation only)
• Orbitals: Shapes of s, p, d orbitals, orbitals energy sequence, Aufbau principle, Hund's rule
• Electronic configuration of elements (from atomic no: 1 to 30 by nlx method), stability and magnetic behaviour of atoms based on concepts of electronic configuration

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Nuclear particles: (protons, neutrons), isotopes, isobars, isotones, and isodiapheres
• Nucleus: Relative dimensions of atom and nucleus, nuclear mass defect, mass-energy relation, binding energy, n/ p ratio, magic numbers
• Nuclear reactions: Writing nuclear reactions in the shortest form of (M(a,b)M') notation, balancing-typical examples of nuclear reactions, nuclear fusion (proton) reactions, nuclear fission (Uranium-235), differences between nuclear and chemical reactions
• Radioactivity: Units of radioactivity (Curie, Rutherford, and Becquerel), natural and artificial radioactivity disintegration series, group displacement law
• Radioactive disintegration: Rate equation (no derivation), decay constant, half-life period, numerical problems on radioactive disintegrations, radioactive isotopes (O18, P32, U238, C14, I131) and their applications

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Periodic laws and periodic table: Periodic laws based on atomic number and electron configuration, structure of the long form of the periodic table, s, p, d, f blocks, outer electronic configuration of elements of s, p, d, and f blocks
• Periodic trends: Trends down the group and across the period in respect of atomic size, ionic radius, oxidation state, ionization potential, electron affinity and electronegativity-reasons for the trends

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Ionic bonding: Nature, factors favourable for the bond formation, effect of ionization potential, electron affinity and electro negativity, Born-Haber cycle for sodium chloride crystal formation, face centered cubic lattice structure of sodium chloride
• Ionic bonding: Body centered cubic lattice structure of caesium chloride (diagrammatic illustrations only), coordination number of metal ions in the crystals of sodium chloride and caesium chloride
• Properties of ionic substances, covalent bond: Nature, octet rule and electron dot formula of simple molecules (BeCl₂, BF₃, CO₂, NH₂, H₂O,PCl₅, SF₆, CH₄, C₂-H₄, C₂H₆), postulates of valence bond theory (qualitative treatment), overlapping of orbitals
• Covalent bond: Sigma and pi bonds, dipole moment (qualitative aspect) of simple molecules. (HCl, H₂O, SO₂, NH₃, CH₄-, CCl₄), properties of covalent substances
• Hybridization of orbitals: sp, sp², sp³, dsp³, d²sp³ hybridizations, shapes of simple molecules (BeCl₂, BCl₃, CH₄, C₂H₆, C₂H₄, C₂H₄, NH₃, H₂O, PCl₅, SF₆), bond lengths, bond angles and bond energie
• Hybridization of orbitals: Postulates of valance shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, application to geometry of covalent molecules (beryllium chloride, boron tri-chloride, water, and ammonia)
• Hydrogen bond: Concept, inter, and intra molecular hydrogen bonds, typical examples

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Definition: Stoichiometry, stoichiometric equation, stoichiometric amounts-examples, mole concept: Gram atom, gram molecule, definition of mole, mass, formula weight-calculations
• Chemical reactions and numerical calculations based on weight-weight, weight-volume , volume-volume relationships, calculation of empirical and molecular formulae of carbon compounds, oxidation number, redox reactions
• Calculation of oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions by ion, electron (half reaction) method and oxidation number method

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Gas laws, Boyle's law, Charle's law, Avogadro's law, statement and numerical problems, ideal gas equation: PV=nRT, values of R, numerical problems based on gas equation
• Graham's law of diffusion-statement, numerical problems
• Dalton's law of partial pressures: Statement, numerical problems
• Kinetic theory of gases: Postulates, derivation of PV= 1/3 mnc2, deducing gas laws from kinetic gas laws (Boyles law, Charles law, Dalton's law, Graham's law) from kinetic gas equation, RMS velocity, most probable velocity
• Kinetic theory of gases: Mathematical relationship between the three
• Average kinetic energy of the molecules

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Definition of solution: Solvent, solute, methods of expressing concentrations of solutions, molarity, molality, normality, mole fraction methods-numerical problems
• Vapour pressure: Definition, effect of temperature, Raoult's law, numerical problems

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Theories of acids and bases, Arrhenius acid-base concept, limitations, Lowry-Bronsted concept-examples, limitations, Lewis theory-examples
• Ionic product of water: pH of aqueous solutions, (include both strong and weak acids, and bases), buffer solutions-types of buffers, buffer action-calculation of pH of acid buffers
• Indicators: Acid-base indicators, pH range, selection of indicators for acid-base titrations
• Hydrolysis of salts: Definition, examples of different salts

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Metallic conductors, electrolytes, non-electrolytes, Arrhenius theory of ionization, Faraday's laws, numerical problems
• Galvanic cells: Definition, examples, cell notation, writing of cells, and cell reactions
• Nernst equation, EMF calculation

Chemistry: Unit 10

• Chemical equilibrium: Reversible reactions, chemical equilibrium, dynamic nature, examples of chemical equilibrium, law of mass action, equilibrium constant, characteristics of equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium
• Chemical equilibrium: Application of law of mass action to Haber's process (for ammonia)
• Le Chatelier's principle: Statement and applications to Haber's process (for ammonia)
• Chemical kinetics: Rate of reaction (elementary treatment), factors (concentration-temperature, catalyst), affecting rate of reaction, rate law, rate constant and its units order, and molecularity, first order rate equation and half life
• Chemical kinetics: Collision theory of reaction rates (elementary treatment)

Chemistry: Unit 11

• Chemical energetics: Internal energy, enthalpy, exothermic and endothermic reactions, heats of reaction; formation, combustion, neutralization, Hess law-numerical problems

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Adsorption and absorption, physical and chemical adsorption, distinguishing properties, adsorption of gases on metals, adsorption from solutions (elementary treatment)
• Colloidal state: True and colloidal solutions, explanation of terms, dispersion medium, dispersed phase, lyophilic and lyophobic sols using the examples-smoke, cloud, blood, milk, starch solution, and gold sol
• Micelles-cleaning action of soap, emulsions: Emulsifying agent and emulsification-its applications, catalysts: Explanation of terms, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, distinction with suitable examples, auto catalysis with one example

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Water: Hardness of water and its removal heavy water-isotopes of hydrogen, heavy water, electrolytic preparation, properties, and uses of heavy water
• Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation (laboratory, electrolytic, and auto oxidation) and concentration, properties of H₂O₂ as oxidizing agent and reducing agent, structure, and uses of H₂O₂

Chemistry: Unit 14

• General characteristics: Electronic configuration, position in the long form of the periodic table, trends in physical properties, chemical properties with reference to oxides, halides, and carbonates
• Sodium and magnesium: Occurrence, extraction of sodium (Castner and Down process), extraction of magnesium (from carnalite and magnesite), typical physical and chemical properties-uses
• Alloys of magnesium (magnalium and electron) preparation, properties, and uses of the following compounds sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium-sulphate, plaster of Paris, lime mortar and gypsum

Chemistry: Unit 15

• General characteristics: Electronic configuration, position in the long form of the periodic table, trends in physical properties, chemical properties with reference to oxides, halides, and hydroxides
• Aluminium: Occurrence, extraction, purification (electrolytic), typical physical and chemical properties, uses including aluminothermic process, preparation, properties, and uses of potash alum
• Electron deficient compounds: Concept and examples, diborane: Preparation, properties, and structure

Chemistry: Unit 16

• General characteristics: Electronic configuration, position in the long form of the periodic table, trends in physical properties of carbon and silicon
• Physical forms of carbon: Allotropy of carbon, structure of diamond, and graphite
• Preparation, properties, structure and uses of silicon, and SiO₂
• Comparison of sio2 with co2
• Fuel gases: Producer gas and water gas, preparation, calorific values and uses

Chemistry: Unit 17

• General characteristics: Electronic configuration, position in the long form of the period table, trends in physical properties
• Chemical properties of compounds of nitrogen and phosphorous: Hydrides, oxides, halides, and structural aspects of oxy-acids
• Industrial preparation and uses of : Ammonia, and super phosphate of lime

Chemistry: Unit 18

• General characteristics: Electronic configuration, position in the long form of the periodic table, trends in physical properties, allotropy of elements
• Chemical properties of compounds of oxygen and sulphur: Hydrides, oxides, halides, and structural aspects of oxy acids
• Preparation, properties, and uses of ozone, sodium thiosulphate

Chemistry: Unit 19

• General characteristics: Electronic configuration, position in the long form of the periodic table, trends in physical properties
• Fluorine and chlorine: Preparation, properties, and uses
• Structure and oxidation states of oxides, and oxyacids of chlorine
• Bleaching powder: Preparation, properties, and uses

Chemistry: Unit 20

• Discovery, occurrence, and isolation
• Chemistry of noble gases and their uses

Chemistry: Unit 21

• General characteristics of: Electronic configuration, position in the long form of the periodic table
• Properties: Oxidation states, colour forming ability, alloy formation, magnetic properties, coordination complexes: Werner's notations (elementary account)

Chemistry: Unit 22

• Terminology: Environment, pollutant, contaminant, receptor, sink, speciation, dissolved oxygen, threshold limit
• Air pollution: Common air pollutants, CO and oxides of nitrogen and sulphur, acid rains and green house effect, water pollution: Common water pollutants
• Organic pollutants, biological oxygen demand (BOD), inorganic pollutants, water treatment with respect to fluorine content ozone layer and effect of freons (CFC)

Chemistry: Unit 23

• Classification-formation of sigma and pi bonds
• Homologous series-concept and its significance
• Isomerism: Concept, structural isomerism (chain, position, functional isomerism)
• Nomenclature of aliphatic hydro carbons: IUPAC system methane and ethane: Preparation by reduction of alkyl halides, Wurtz method, Grignard method, de-carboxylation, Kolbe's' electrolysis, Sabatier-Senderen's reaction
• Chemical Properties: Halogenation, nitration, pyrolysis, oxidation-uses, ethylene: Methods of preparation-dehydration of alcohols, dehydrohalogenation of alkylhalides, dehalogenation of dihalides
• Properties of ethylene: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides, water, hypohalous acids, mineral acids, polymerisation, oxidation (with Baeyer's reagent), ozonolysis-uses

Chemistry: Unit 24

• Acetylene: Preparation, dehydrohalogenation of 1, 2, dihalides, hydrolysis of CaC₂ dehalogenation, Kolbe's electrolysis properties: Oxidation, addition of hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water, trimerization, salt formation
• Kolbe's electrolysis properties: Decolorization of Br₂/CCl₄-uses, benzene: Preparation from acetylene, coal tar distillation, structure of benzene, resonance-aromatic property
• Properties: Friedel-Craft's reaction, halogenation, nitration, sulphonation-uses

Chemistry: Unit 25

• Nomenclature and classification to primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl halides ethyl chloride: Preparation-from alcohols using Lucas reagent, PCl₃, PCl₅, and SOCl₂
• Properties: Reduction, hydrolysis, dehydrohalogenation, Wurtz reaction, reactions with KNO₂, AgNO₂, KCN, AgCN, Mg, and sodium ethoxide
• Chloroform: Preparation from ethanol using bleaching powder and water, and chloralhydrate
• Properties: Oxidation, isocyanide formation-hydrolysis, uses

Chemistry: Unit 26

• Nomenclature and classification to primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols ethanol: Preparation-hydrolysis of alkyl halides, hydration of alkenes, fermentation of molasses and starch, properties: Hydrogen bonding-reaction with sodium, esterification
• Action with conc H₂SO₄, reaction with Lucas reagent, PBr₃, PCl₅, oxidation with potassium dichromate and Cu/ 300°c
• Combustion, chloroform formation
• Differentiation with Lucas reagent-uses

Chemistry: Unit 27

• Nomenclature, Diethyl ether, preparation from alcohols, Williamson synthesis, properties, reaction with HI-uses

Chemistry: Unit 28

• Nomenclature-acetaladehyde and acetone: Preparations-oxidation of alcohols, heating calcium salts
• Properties: oxidation, reduction with H₂/ Ni and LiAlH₄, addition of NaHSO₃, HCN, NH₃, hydroxylamine, phenylhydrazine, 2, 4-DNP, aldol condensation, oxidation with Tollen's and Fehlings reagents

Chemistry: Unit 29

• Nomenclature, acetic acid, preparations-oxidation of alcohols, aldehydes , hydrolysis of cyanides
• Properties: Acidity-reactions with Na, NaOH, NaHCO₃, esterification-acid cholrides, anhydrides, amides formation, halogenation-uses

Chemistry: Unit 30

• Nomenclature, nitro-benzene, preparation-nitration of benzene
• Properties: Reduction in acidic, basic, neutral media and with LiAIH₄-uses, aniline: Classification of amines, preparation: Reduction of nitro benzene
• Properties: Basic nature-salt formation with HCl, alkylation, N-acetylation, N-benzoyalation, diazotisation-carbylamine reaction, uses

Chemistry: Unit 31

• Importance of metals in the bio molecules viz., haemoglobin, cyanocobalamine (vitamin B12) and chlorophyll (elementary treatment), common drugs used in medicine: Actyl salicylic acid (aspirin), paracetamol (elementary treatment of these two only)

Botany: Unit 01

• Science of Botany: Its origin, some important landmarks in the development of botany, uses of plants in daily life. Differences between plants and animals
• (i) Diversity in habitats-mesophytes, xerophytes, hydrophytes, halophytes, epiphytes, mangroves, (ii) diversity in forms-herbs, shurbs, trees, twiners, lianes, (iii) diversity in life span-ephemerals, annuals, biennials, perennials
• (iv) Diversity in nutritional methods-parasites, saprophytes, symbionts, autotrophs
• Branches of botany and applied botany: Phycology, mycology, lichenology, bacteriology, virology, microbiology, bryology, pteridology, morphology, embryology, palynology, anatomy, cytology, taxonomy, ecology, genetics, paleo-botany, agriculture
• Branches of botany and applied botany: Horticulture, forestry, pharmacology, plant breeding, plant pathology, biotechnology

Botany: Unit 02

• Contributions of the following institutes: BSI, NBRI, CIMAP, IARI, ICRISAT, FRI, ICAR
• Contributions of the following botanists: Birbal Sahni, P. Maheswari, M.O.P. Iyengar, M.S. Swaminathan and K.C. Mehta

Botany: Unit 03

• Root: Characteristics of roots, types of root system, regions of root, modifications of root
• Stem: Characteristics and functions of stem, types of stems, types of buds, types of branching, modifications of stem
• Leaf: Leaf base, stipules, petioles. (Note: Lamina, margins, apex, surface, texture omitted), venation, phyllotaxy, types of leaves (simple and compound), leaf modifications

Botany: Unit 04

• Inflorescence: Racemose and cymose inflorescences, mixed and special inflorescences, terminal inflorescence, axillary inflorescence and intercalary inflorescence, cauliflory
• Flower: Structure of flower, sx distribution, symmetry of flower (based on the arrangement), merosity, structural symmetry, position of gynoecium on the thalamus, types of bracts and bracteoles, various types of thalamus, perianth, aestivation, calyx
• Flower: Corolla, androecium, gynoecium
• Pollination: Types of pollination, contrivances of self and cross pollination, agents of pollination
• Embryology: Structure of anther and ovule, types of ovules, structure and development of embryo sac, fertilization and post fertilization changes
• Fruit: Types of fruits-simple, aggregate, and multiple, true and false fruits
• Dispersal of seeds and fruits: Agents of dispersal

Botany: Unit 05

• Principles of clasification and nomenclature, Bentham and Hookers system of classification
• Study of the following families: Malvaceae, fabaceae, caesalpiniaceae, asteraceae, solanaceae, liliaceae

Botany: Unit 06

• Botanical name, family, morphology of useful part, varieties, economic importance of the following-paddy, wheat, jowar, bajra, red gram, bengal gram, groundnut, coconut, cotton, jute, mango, banana, neem, and amla

Botany: Unit 07

• Ultra structure of eukaryotic cell, differences between plant and animal cells, chromosomes and nucleic acids

Botany: Unit 08

• Mitosis and meiosis

Botany: Unit 09

• Tissues: Meristems, simple, complex, and secretory tissues
• Tissue systems: Epidermal, ground, and vascular tissue systems
• Root apex and stem apex
• Anatomy of dicot and monocot roots
• Anatomy of dicot and monocot stems
• Anatomy of dicot and monocot leaves
• Normal secondary growth in dicot stem

Botany: Unit 10

• Scope and applications of biotechnology, aspects of biotechnology
• Genetic engineering
• Tissue culture and singe cell protein, somatic hybridization
• Mushroom cultivation (White button mushrooms)

Botany: Unit 11

• Broad outlines of the classifications (cryptogams and phanerogams)
• Salient features of the major groups: Thallophyta (algae and fungi), bryophyta, pteridophyta, spermatophyta (gymnosperms and angiosperms)
• Study of the structure and life history of the following forms: Spirogyra, rhizopus, funaria, pteris, and cycas

Botany: Unit 12

• Branches of applied microbiology and their importance
• Bacteria: Introduction, distribution, habitat, structure, nutrition, reproduction and economic importance
• Viruses: Introduction, structure of TMV and bacteriophage, multiplication, transmission, symptoms of viral diseases on plants and their control measures

Botany: Unit 13

• Introduction, brief historical account of plant pathology, classification of plant diseases, general control measures
• Symptoms, causative organism and control measures of the following diseases-(i) blast of paddy (rice), (ii) red rot of sugar cane, (iii) grain smut of sorghum, (iv) citrus canker

Botany: Unit 14

• Introduction, scope of ecology, levels of organization, basic concepts of ecology
• Plant communities: Hydrophytes, mesophytes, xerophytes
• Soil: Soil formation, soil profile, components of soil, plant groups in relation to soil characteristics, soil erosion, soil conservation (note: Vegetation of AP and forests of AP-omitted)

Botany: Unit 15

• Introduction, aims and objectives of plant breeding, organizations of crop improvement research, methods of plant breeding-introduction, selection, hybridization, hybrid vigour, polyploidy breeding, mutation breeding

Botany: Unit 16

• Water relations of plants: Importance of water, availability of water, bulk flow, diffusion, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis, imbibition-absorption of water by plants, (active and passive absorption)
• Water relations of plants: Ascent of sap-(root pressure theory, cohesion-tension theory), transpiration-definition, types of transpiration, structure of stomata, mechanism of stomatal opening and closing, factors affecting transpiration
• Water relations of plants: Importance of transpiration
• Mineral nutrition: Introduction, macro and microelements, criteria of essentiality, role of NPK in plant nutrition, absorption of ions, (active and passive absorption). Carrier theory (cytochrome pump theory, lecithin carrier theory)
• Mineral nutrition: Fertilisers-(inorganic, organic, biofertilizers), importance of biofertilizers
• Enzymes: Definition, historical account, properties, components of enzyme nomenclature and classification of enzymes. Mode of enzyme action
• Photosynthesis: Introduction, historical account, structure of chloroplast, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycobilins), hills reaction, Emerson enhancement effect, photosystems, photolysis of water, photophosphorylation
• Photosynthesis: C3 pathway, C4 pathway, CAM pathway, photorespiration, factors affecting photosynthesis, importance of photosynthesis
• Translocation of organic solutes: Munch's hypothesis
• Respiration: Introduction, types of respiration, differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration-glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system, mechanism of anaerobic respiration, alcoholic fermentation, respiratory quotient (RQ)
• Nitrogen metabolism: Forms of nitrogen, biological nitrogen fixation, (symbiotic and non symbiotic), biosynthesis of proteins (transcription and translation), genetic code and its properties
• Plant growth regulators and seed germination: Introduction, discovery and physiological effects of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene, role of hormones in agriculture and horticulture, photoperiodism
• Plant growth regulators and seed germination: Seed germination-physiological changes during germination, conditions required for germination, seed vigour, and seed dormancy

Zoology: Unit 01

• Nature and scope of zoology, relation between zoology and other sciences, basic principles of classification-a) need for classification, b) five Kingdom classification, viz., monera, protista, plantae, fungi and animalia
• Basic principles of classification-c) concept of species-levels of classification, binomial nomenclature, d) kingdom protista-prokaryotic and lukaryotic unicellular organisms

Zoology: Unit 02

• (i) Phylum: Protozoa, (ii) phylum: Porifera, (iii) phylum: Coelenterata (Cnidaria), (iv) phylum: Platyhelminthes, (v) phylum: Nemathelminthes, (vi) phylum: Annelida, (vii) phylum: Arthropoda, (viii) phylum: Mollusca, (ix) phylum: Echinodermata

Zoology: Unit 03

• (i) Symmetry-types and characteristic features of each symmetry, giving an example for each type from the representative phyla-asymmetry, radial symmetry, biradial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry
• (ii) Coelom: (a) Formation of coelom, (b) schizocoelic and enterocoelic coelom, (c) definition of acoelom, pseudo-coelom, and coelom-examples from major phyla
• (iii) Animal tissues

Zoology: Unit 04

• (i) Types and structure of locomotary organelles-pseudopodia, cilia, and flagellae giving examples
• (ii) Amoeboid movement (pseudopodial movement)-sol-gel theory only
• (iii) Ciliary and flagellar movements-synchronal and metachronal movements (example paramoecium), effective stroke and recovery stroke (example euglena)
• (iv) Types of reproduction: (a) Encystment (example amoeba and euglena)-process and its significance (dissemination and multiplication), (b) asexual reproduction, binary fission, (types, transverse, and longitudinal)
• (iv) Types of reproduction: (c) Sexual reproduction, conjugation as exemplified by vorticella-its significance

Zoology: Unit 05

• (i) Definition and 1 or 2 examples of the following associations-(a) mutualism/ symbiosis, (b) commensalism, (c) parasitism
• (ii) Structure and life cycle of the following parasites-(a) entamoeba histolytica, (b) plasmodium viva, (c) taenia solium, (d) wuchereria bancrofti
• (iii) list of following parasites giving scientific name, common name, vector, stage of infection, mode of transmission, affected systems and name of the diseases caused
• Entamoeba gingivalis, opalina, balantidium, giardia, monocystis, plasmodium ovale, palsmodium malariae, plasmodium falcifarum eimeria, trypanosoma gambiensie, trypanosoma rhodesiensie, trypanosoma cruzi, leishmania donovai, leishmania tropica
• Taenia saginata, echinococus granulose, hymenolepis nana, ascaris lumbricoides, schistosoma haemotobium, paragonimus, ancylostoma duodenale, enterobius and loa loa

Zoology: Unit 06

• Annelida, pheritima-type study in detail

Zoology: Unit 07

• (i) Cockroach, periplaneta Americana, external characters digestive, respiratory, and nervous systems only
• (ii) Life cycle and economic importance of silk worm
• (iii) Insect mouth parts of the following types: (a) Biting chewing type, example cockroach, (b) piercing and sucking type, example mosquito, (c) sponging and sucking type, example housefly, (d) siphoning type, example butterfly
• (iv) Economic importance of insects: (a) Useful insects, viz., honey bee, lac insect-their produce and general features, (b) harmful insects viz., bed bug, head louse. Mosquito and housefly-their harmful effects and diseases spread by them

Zoology: Unit 08

• Elementary aspects of the following: (i) Abiotic factors-light, temperature and water-their effects on organisms, (ii) biotic factors-producers, consumers, and decomposers, (iii) pond ecosystem-littoral zone, limnetic zone and profundal zone
• Elementary aspects of the following: (iii) Pond ecosystem-ecological pyramids and energy flow, (iv) population ecology : Population density, growth, age distribution and population regulation
• Environmental pollution: (i) Air pollution-primary and secondary-pollutants, sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxide, particulates, aerosols, carbon monoxide and noise, (ii) water pollution-pollutants-pesticide, industrial effluents, sewage, heavy metals
• Environmental pollution: (ii) Water pollution-radio-active substances, (iii) land pollution-fertilizers, pesticides, and solid waste, (iv) preventive measures of environmental pollution, (v) wild life conservation
• Environmental pollution: (vi) Legislation on environment protection with reference to Indian context
• Application biology: Biotechnology involved in alcohol, enzymes, antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and hormones

Zoology: Unit 09

• General characters and out line classification of chordata upto clases with typical examples
• (i) Pisces: Distinctive features of cartilaginous and bony fishes, typical examples, (ii) amphibia: Distinctive features of urodela, anura, and apoda. Typical examples
• (i) Reptilia: Distinctive characters of squamata, rhynchocephalia, crocodilia, and chelonia with typical examples
• (ii) Identification of poisonous and non-poisonous snakes, poison apparatus, toxicity of snake venom and treatment of snake bite including first aid
• (iii) Aves: Distinctive features of carinatae and ratitae with typical examples
• (iv) Mammalia: Distinctive features of prototheria, metatheria, and eutheria

Zoology: Unit 10

• Digestive system of rabbit-comparison with that of frog: Nutrition and digestion-(i) nutrition-chemistry of food stuffs (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids), role of vitamins and minerals in nutrition
• Digestive system of rabbit-comparison with that of frog: Nutrition and digestion-(ii) digestion: Digestive enzymes and their mechanism of action-the sequence of digestion and absorption
• Respiratory system of rabbit-mechanism of respiration and transport of respiratory gases
• Circulatory system of rabbit: (i) Structure of heart, arterial, and venous systems-comparison with those of frog, (ii) working of the heart of rabbit, (iii) coagulation of blood

Zoology: Unit 11

• Excretory system of rabbit-comparison with that of frog: (i) Structure and function of nephron, (ii) urine formation and its composition
• Musculo-skeletal system: (i) Ultra structure and contraction of muscle sliding filament theory system, (ii) types of joints
• Reproductive system of rabbit-comparison with that of frog-structure: (i) Fertilization, (ii) development of rabbit upto gastrulation, gestation, and viviparity
• Central peripheral and autonomous nervous systems in brief. Name and Roman
• Endocrine system: Endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal (midula and cortex), pancreas, ovary and testes) and the role of their hormones

Zoology: Unit 12

• Mendel's laws
• Sex determination
• (i) Sex determination X0, ZZ, ZW to honey bee methods, secondary sex differences-role of hormones, (ii) sex linked inheritance X, Y, XY, incomplete, sex limited and sex influenced inheritance
• Gene expression and gene regulation
• Blood groups-their inheritance (ABO and Rh)-Rh factors, significance in pregnancy and transfusion

Zoology: Unit 13

• (i) Origin of life, (ii) theories of organic evolution-Lamarck, Darwin, Devries
• Modern concepts-variations, Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, natural selection, gene pool speciation, macro and micro evolution, drift
• Evidence of organic evolution

Zoology: Unit 14

• (i) Poultry layers and broilers poultry diseases ( bacterial, viral, and fungal), (ii) animal breeding in dairy and poultry-cloning
• Immunity disorders-AIDS, hepatitis, and allergic reactions