SAEEE Exam 2025 - Date, Registration, Pattern, Syllabus, Preparation Tips, Result, Cutoff

Physics: Unit 01

• Physics, technology and society, S.I. units, fundamental and derived units
• Least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, errors in measurement, significant figures
• Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications

Physics: Unit 02

• Frame of reference
• Motion in a straight line: Position time graph, speed and velocity
• Uniform and non uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion
• Scalars and vectors, vector addition and subtraction, zero vector, scalar and vector products, unit vector, resolution of a vector
• Relative velocity, motion in a plane, projectile motion, uniform circular motion

Physics: Unit 03

• Force and inertia, Newton's first law of motion; momentum, Newton's second law of motion; impulse; Newton's third law of motion
• Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications, equilibrium of concurrent forces
• Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction
• Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its applications

Physics: Unit 04

• Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work energy theorem, power
• Potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and nonconservative forces; elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions

Physics: Unit 05

• Centre of mass of a two-particle system, centre of mass of a rigid body; basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications; moment of inertia, radius of gyration
• Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications
• Rigid body rotation, equations of rotational motion

Physics: Unit 06

• The universal law of gravitation
• Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth
• Kepler's laws of planetary motion
• Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential
• Escape velocity
• Orbital velocity of a satellite
• Geostationary satellites

Physics: Unit 07

• Elastic behaviour, stress-strain relationship, Hooke's law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity
• Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications
• Viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, Reynolds number
• Bernoulli's principle and its applications
• Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension-drops, bubbles and capillary rise
• Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat
• Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation, Newton's law of cooling

Physics: Unit 08

• Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature
• Heat, work, and internal energy
• First law of thermodynamics
• Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes
• Carnot engine and its efficiency

Physics: Unit 09

• Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas
• Kinetic theory of gases-assumptions, concept of pressure
• Kinetic energy and temperature: RMS speed of gas molecules; degrees of freedom, law of equi-partition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases; mean free path, Avogadro's number

Physics: Unit 10

• Periodic motion-period, frequency, displacement as a function of time
• Periodic functions
• Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M.-kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum-derivation of expression for its time period
• Free, forced, and damped oscillations, resonance
• Wave motion
• Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a wave
• Displacement relation for a progressive wave
• Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, beats, Doppler effect in sound

Physics: Unit 11

• Electric charges: Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law-forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
• Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
• Electric flux, Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell
• Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in an electrostatic field
• Conductors and insulators, dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor

Physics: Unit 12

• Electric current, drift velocity, Ohm's law, electrical resistance, resistances of different materials, V-I characteristics of Ohmic and nonohmic conductors, electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity, colour code for resistors
• Series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance
• Electric cell and its internal resistance, potential difference and EMF of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel
• Kirchhoff's laws and their applications
• Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge
• Potentiometer-principle and its applications

Physics: Unit 13

• Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
• Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid
• Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
• Cyclotron
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
• Force between two parallel current carrying conductors-definition of ampere
• Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
• Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements
• Para-, dia-, and ferro- magnetic substances
• Magnetic susceptibility and permeability, hysteresis, electromagnets and permanent magnets

Physics: Unit 14

• Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's law, induced EMF and current; Lenz's Law, Eddy currents
• Self and mutual inductance
• Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/ voltage; reactance and impedance; LCR series circuit, resonance; quality factor, power in AC circuits, wattless current
• AC generator and transformer

Physics: Unit 15

• Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics
• Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
• Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays)
• Applications of E.M. waves

Physics: Unit 16

• Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula, total internal reflection and its applications, deviation and dispersion of light by a prism, lens formula, magnification, power of a lens
• Combination of thin lenses in contact, microscope and astronomical telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers
• Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens' principle, laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's principle
• Interference, Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light
• Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum
• Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes, polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster's law, uses of plane polarized light and polaroids

Physics: Unit 17

• Dual nature of radiation
• Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation; particle nature of light
• Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation
• Davisson-Germer experiment

Physics: Unit 18

• Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum
• Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones
• Radioactivity alpha, beta, and gamma particles/ rays and their properties; radioactive decay law
• Mass energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion

Physics: Unit 19

• Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator
• Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator
• Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR)
• Transistor as a switch

Physics: Unit 20

• Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere; sky and space wave propagation, need for modulation, amplitude and frequency modulation, bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission medium
• Basic elements of a communication system (block diagram only)

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory; concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; physical quantities and their measurements in chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. units, dimensional analysis
• Laws of chemical combination; atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae; chemical equations and stoichiometry

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Classification of matter into solid, liquid, and gaseous states
• Gaseous state: Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws-Boyle's law, Charle's law, Graham's law of diffusion, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure; concept of absolute scale of temperature; ideal gas equation
• Gaseous state: Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; real gases, deviation from ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, Van der Waals equation
• Gaseous state: Liquefaction of gases, critical constants
• Liquid State: Properties of liquids-vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only)
• Solid state: Classification of solids-molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg's law and its applications; unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc, and hcp lattices), voids
• Solid state: Calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids; electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Discovery of sub-atomic particles (electron, proton, and neutron); Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom-its postulates
• Derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; dual nature of matter, De-Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features, and concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions; variation of and with r for 1s and 2s orbitals
• Various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p, and d-orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number; rules for filling electrons in orbitals Aufbau principle
• Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals
• Ionic bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy
• Covalent bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan's rule, dipole moment; valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules
• Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory-its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; resonance
• Molecular orbital theory: Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order
• Molecular orbital theory: Bond length and bond energy. Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes
• First law of thermodynamics: Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess's law of constant heat summation
• First law of thermodynamics: Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution
• Second law of thermodynamics: Spontaneity of processes; DS of the universe and G of the system as criteria for spontaneity, DGO (standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Different methods for expressing concentration of solution-molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure-composition
• Plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; colligative properties of dilute solutions-relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure
• Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; abnormal value of molar mass, Van't Hoff factor and its significance

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium
• Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid-gas, and solid gas equilibria, Henry's law, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes
• Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of DG and DGo in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature
• Equilibria involving chemical processes: Effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier's principle
• Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Br instead-Lowry, and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants
• Ionic equilibrium: Ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions
• Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch's law and its applications
• Electrochemical cells-electrolytic and galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, EMF of a galvanic cell and its measurement
• Nernst equation and its applications; relationship between cell potential and Gibbs' energy change; dry cell and lead accumulator; fuel cells; corrosion and its prevention

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: Concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units
• Differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions, Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation
• Collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)

Chemistry: Unit 10

• Adsorption: Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids-Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, dsorption from solutions
• Catalysis: Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism
• Colloidal state: Distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids-lyophilic, lyophobic; multi molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids-Tyndall effect
• Colloidal state: Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation; emulsions and their characteristics

Chemistry: Unit 11

• Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d, and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; steps involved in the extraction of metals-concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn, and Fe
• Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties, and uses of hydrogen; physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; structure, preparation, reactions, and uses of hydrogen peroxide
• Classification of hydrides-ionic, covalent, and interstitial; hydrogen as a fuel

Chemistry: Unit 14

• Group-1 and 2 elements general introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships
• Preparation and properties of some important compounds-sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, and sodium hydrogen carbonate; industrial uses of lime, limestone, plaster of Paris and cement; biological significance of Na, K, Mg, and Ca

Chemistry: Unit 15

• Group-13 to group 18 elements: General introduction-electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group
• Group-13 to group 18 elements: Groupwise study of the p block elements group 13-preparation, properties, and uses of boron and aluminium; structure, properties, and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride and alums
• Group-13 to group 18 elements: Group 14-tendency for catenation; structure, properties, and uses of allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites, and silicones
• Group-13 to group 18 elements: Group 15-properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; allotrophic forms of phosphorus; preparation, properties, structure, and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides, (PCl3, PCl5)
• Group-13 to group 18 elements: Group 15-structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus
• Group-13 to group 18 elements: Group 16-preparation, properties, structures, and uses of dioxygen and ozone; allotropic forms of sulphur
• Group-13 to group 18 elements: Group 16-preparation, properties, structures, and uses of sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); structures of oxoacids of sulphur
• Group-13 to group 18 elements: Group 17-preparation, properties, and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid; trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; structures of interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens
• Group-13 to group 18 elements: Group 18-occurrence and uses of noble gases; structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon

Chemistry: Unit 16

• Transition: Elements general introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first row transition elements-physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour
• Transition: Catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; preparation, properties, and uses of K2 Cr2 O7 and KMnO4
• Inner transition elements: Lanthanoids-electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction
• Inner transition elements: Actinoids-electronic configuration and oxidation states

Chemistry: Unit 17

• Introduction to coordination compounds, Werner's theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism; bonding-valence bond approach and basic ideas of crystal field theory
• Colour and magnetic properties; importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals, and in biological systems)

Chemistry: Unit 18

• Environmental pollution: Atmospheric, water, and soil
• Atmospheric pollution: Tropospheric and stratospheric, tropospheric pollutants gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; green house effect and global warming; acid rain
• Atmospheric pollution: Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and prevention
• Stratospheric pollution: Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer-its mechanism and effects
• Water pollution: Major pollutants such as, pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention
• Soil pollution: Major pollutants such as-pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention. Strategies to control environmental pollution

Chemistry: Unit 19

• Purification: Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography-principles and their applications
• Qualitative analysis: Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens
• Quantitative analysis (basic principles only): Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus. Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis

Chemistry: Unit 20

• Tetravalency of carbon; shapes of simple molecules-hybridization (s and p); classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: - C = C -, - C h C -and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; homologous series
• Isomerism-structural and stereoisomerism
• Nomenclature (trivial and IUPAC): Covalent bond fission, homolytic and heterolytic-free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation
• Common types of organic reactions: Substitution, addition, elimination and arrangement

Chemistry: Unit 21

• Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions
• Alkanes: Conformations-Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); mechanism of halogenations of alkanes
• Alkenes: Geometrical isomerism; mechanism of electrophilic addition: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff's and peroxide effect); ozonolysis, oxidation, and polymerization
• Alkynes: Acidic character; addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides; polymerization.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature, benzene-structure and aromaticity; mechanism of electrophilic substitution: Halogenation, nitration, Friedel Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene

Chemistry: Unit 22

• General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; nature of C-X bond; mechanisms of substitution reactions
• Uses; environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons, and DDT

Chemistry: Unit 23

• General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Alcohols-identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Phenols-acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: Halogenation, nitration, and sulphonation, Reimer-Tiemann reaction
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Ethers-structure
• Aldehyde and ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; important reactions such as nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3, and its derivatives), Grignard reagent
• Aldehyde and ketones: Oxidation; reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of-hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction; chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones
• Carboxylic acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it

Chemistry: Unit 24

• General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses
• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character
• Diazonium salts: importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Chemistry: Unit 25

• General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization-addition and condensation, copolymerization; natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization
• Some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses-polythene, nylon, polyester, and Bakelite

Chemistry: Unit 26

• General introduction and importance of biomolecules
• Carbohydrates: Classification-aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) and polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
• Proteins: Elementary idea of-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; proteins: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes
• Vitamins: Classification and functions
• Nucleic acids: Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids

Chemistry: Unit 27

• Chemicals in medicines: Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamins-their meaning and common examples
• Chemicals in food: Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents-common examples
• Cleansing agents: Soaps and detergents, cleansing action

Chemistry: Unit 28

• Detection of extra elements (N,S, halogens) in organic compounds; detection of the following functional groups: Hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds
• Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds-Mohr's salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, pnitroacetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform
• Chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises-acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs. KMnO4, Mohr's salt vs. KMnO4
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations-Pb2+ , Cu2+, AI3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Anions-CO3 2-, S2-, SO4 2-, NO2-, NO3-, CI -, Br, I (insoluble salts excluded)
• Chemical principles involved in the following experiments: (i) Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4, (ii) enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base, (iii) preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols
• Chemical principles involved in the following experiments: (iv) Kinetic study of reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature